Hasil (
Bahasa Indonesia) 1:
[Salinan]Disalin!
been cited to contribute but it is not clear how hormones contribute to NVP or HG.6,11 Hormones associated with pregnancy and possibly NVP and HG include hCG, thyroxine, progesterone and oestrogen but psychological, genetic and external risk factors such as smoking, age, infection and diet are also implicated.2,16,17-22 Discretionally, these implicated causes are hereby briefly reviewed under five basic points: Endocrine: hormonal changes e.g. hCG, thyroxines, circadian rhythms Genetics: maternal and paternal contribution Psychological: conditioned or pre-conceived External: age, lifestyle, infections, nutrition Metabolic: hypoglycaemiaHormonalAs mentioned the mechanism of hormonal control in NVP and HG is not clear but Verberg et al, suggested that high levels of oestrogen, hCG and progesterone were associated with severity of NVP.23 Huxley, suggested NVP to be caused by hCG and thyroxine, which are elevated in early pregnancy and Ismail and Kenny, proposed that hCG causes hyperemesis by stimulating secretory processes in the upper gastrointestinal tract.11,16 hCG has a positive correlation with HG and it is suggested that it influences the centre of the brain that controls nausea via thyroxine since hCG acts on maternal thyroid gland stimulating the release of thyroxines.24,25 In early pregnancy, hCG levels are high and TSH are low in blood and since hCG cross-reacts with TSH receptors stimulating the thyroid gland, increased hCG and/or thyroxine levels therefore influence severity and onset of nausea and emesis.16,26 Goodwin et al, reported severe vomiting in pregnant patients with high level of hCG and in thyroid stimulation and Niemeijer et al, confirmed a relationship between increased thyroid activity and HG.24,27 It has been pointed out that suggestions of a relationship between hCG or thyroxine levels and NVP are possibly inaccurate since in cases of elevated hCG levels e.g. choriocarcinoma do not align with nausea and vomiting, equally some pregnant women with elevated hCG levels do not experience NVP and hyperthyroidism does not cause nausea or vomiting and patients with HG do not all develop hyperthyroidism.23The effect of progesterone on NVP is not clear and it has been reported that in NVP patients, 40% had low and 40% had increased progesterone levels while in 20% there was no association.24 Studies have demonstrated a relationship between oestradiol levels and NVP28 and it has been noted that considering that physiological levels of oestrogens rise during the entirety of pregnancy, it is prudent to question why HG and NVP are most severe during the first trimester.23 An association between ACTH and cortisol via the HPA in HG has been proposed29 and corticosteroids are used to treat nausea and vomiting in oncology patients.11 However, the use hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone in successful
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
