The International Monetary FundThe

The International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international bank with 188 member
nations that makes short-term loans to developing countries experiencing balanceof-
payment deficits. This financing is contributed by member nations, and it must be
repaid with interest. Loans are provided primarily to fund international trade. Created
in 1945 and headquartered in Washington, DC, the bank’s main goals are to:
●● promote international monetary cooperation,
●● facilitate the expansion and balanced growth of international trade,
●● promote exchange rate stability,
●● assist in establishing a multilateral system of payments, and
●● make resources available to members experiencing balance-of-payment difficulties.
The Challenges Ahead
In a 2012 speech at Oxford University, Pascal Lamy, Director-General of the World
Trade Organiztion stated, “We live in a world of ever-growing independence and
interconnectedness. Our interdependence has grown beyond anyone’s imagination
93

The world of today is virtually unrecognizable from the world in which we lived one
generation ago.” The most striking example of globalization is Apple. Apple’s iPod is
designed in the United States, manufactured with components from Japan, Korea, and
several other Asian countries, and assembled in China by a company from Chinese
Taipei. Nowadays, most products are not “Made in the UK” or “Made in France”; they
are in fact “Made in the World.”10
In 2012, the global economic recovery remained sluggish. Financial challenges in
some euro-area economies slowed the economic growth. However, WTO rules and
principles have assisted governments in keeping markets open and they now provide
a platform for which the trade can grow as the global economy improves. According
to Mr. Lamy, “We see the light at the end of the tunnel and trade promises to be an
important part of the recovery. But we must avoid derailing any economic revival
through protectionism.”

SUMMARY
Explain the economic basis for international
business.
International business encompasses all business activities that
involve exchanges across national boundaries. International
trade is based on specialization, whereby each country
produces the goods and services that it can produce more
efficiently than any other goods and services. A nation is
said to have a comparative advantage relative to these goods.
International trade develops when each nation trades its
surplus products for those in short supply.
A nation’s balance of trade is the difference between the
value of its exports and the value of its imports. Its balance
of payments is the difference between the flow of money into
and out of the nation. Generally, a negative balance of trade
is considered unfavorable.
Discuss the restrictions nations place on
international trade, the objectives of these
restrictions, and their results.
Despite the benefits of world trade, nations tend to use
tariffs and nontariff barriers (import quotas, embargoes, and
other restrictions) to limit trade. These restrictions typically
are justified as being needed to protect a nation’s economy,
industries, citizens, or security. They can result in the loss of
94

jobs, higher prices, fewer choices in the marketplace, and the
misallocation of resources.
Outline the extent of international business and
the world economic outlook for trade.
World trade is generally increasing. Trade between the
United States and other nations is increasing in dollar value
but decreasing in terms of our share of the world market.
Exports as a percentage of U.S. GDP have increased steadily
since 1985, except in the 2001 and 2008 recessions.
Discuss international trade agreements and
international economic organizations working to
foster trade.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
was formed to dismantle trade barriers and provide an
environment in which international business can grow. Today,
the World Trade Organization (WTO) and various economic
communities carry on this mission. These world economic
communities include the European Union, the NAFTA, the
CAFTA, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the
Pacific Rim, the Commonwealth of Independent States,
the Caribbean Basin Initiative, the Common Market of the
Southern Cone, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development.
Define the methods by which a firm can organize
for and enter into international markets.
A firm can enter international markets in several ways. It may
license a foreign firm to produce and market its products.
It may export its products and sell them through foreign
intermediaries or its own sales organization abroad, or it
may sell its exports outright to an export–import merchant.
It may enter into a joint venture with a foreign firm. It may
establish its own foreign subsidiaries, or it may develop into
a multinational enterprise.
Generally, each of these methods represents an increasingly
deeper level of involvement in international business,
with licensing being the simplest and the development of a
multinational corporation the most involved.
Describe the various sources of export
assistance.
Many government and international agencies provide
export assistance to U.S. and foreign firms. The export
services and programs of the 19 agencies of the U.S. Trade
Promotion Coordinating Committee (TPCC) can help U.S.
firms to compete in foreign markets and create new jobs
in the United States. Sources of export assistance include
U.S. Export Assistance Centers, the International Trade
Administration, U.S. and Foreign Commercial Services,
Export Legal Assistance Network, Advocacy Center,
National Trade Data Bank, and other government and
international agencies.
Identify the institutions that help firms and
nations finance international business.
The financing of international trade is more complex than
that of domestic trade. Institutions such as the Ex-Im Bank
and the International Monetary Fund have been established
to provide financing and ultimately to increase world trade
for American and international firms

1. Why do firms engage in international trade?
2. What is the difference between an absolute and a comparative
advantage in international trade? How are both types of
advantages related to the concept of specialization?
3. What is a favorable balance of trade? In what way is it “favorable”?
4. L ist and briefly describe the principal restrictions that may be
applied to a nation’s imports.
5. What reasons are generally given for imposing trade restrictions?
6. What are the general effects of import restrictions on trade?.
95

7. D efine and describe the major objectives of the WTO and the
international economic communities.
8. Which nations are the principal trading partners of the United
States? What are the major U.S. imports and exports?
9. The methods of engaging in international business may be
categorized as either direct or indirect. How would you classify
each of the methods described in this chapter? Why?
10. In what ways is a multinational enterprise different from a
large corporation that does business in several countries?
11. L ist some key sources of export assistance. How can these
sources be useful to small business firms?
12. In what ways do the Ex-Im Bank, multilateral development
banks, and the IMF enhance international trade?
96


KEY TERMSSSSS

international business all
business activities that involve
exchanges across national
boundaries
absolute advantage the ability
to produce a specific product
more efficiently than any other
nation
comparative advantage the
ability to produce a specific
product more efficiently than any
other product

exporting selling and shipping
raw materials or products to other
nations
importing purchasing raw
materials or products in other
nations and bringing them into
one’s own country

balance of trade the total value
of a nation’s exports minus the
total value of its imports over
some period of time
trade deficit a negative balance
of trade

balance of payments the total
flow of money into a country minus
the total flow of money out of that
country over some period of time

import duty (tariff) a tax levied
on a particular foreign product
entering a country
dumping exportation of large
quantities of a product at a price
lower than that of the same
product in the home market
nontariff barrier a nontax
measure imposed by a government
to favor domestic over foreign
suppliers
import quota a limit on the
amount of a particular good that
may be imported into a country
during a given period of time
embargo a complete halt to
trading with a particular nation or
in a particular product

foreign-exchange control a
restriction on the amount of a
particular foreign currency that
can be purchased or sold
currency devaluation the
reduction of the value of a
nation’s currency relative to the
currencies of other countries

General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GA TT) an
international organization of 153
nations dedicated to reducing
or eliminating tariffs and other
barriers to world trade

World Trade Organization
(WTO) powerful successor to
GA TT that incorporates trade in
goods, services, and ideas

economic community an
organization of nations formed
to promote the free movement of
resources and products among its
members and to create common
economic policies

licensing a contractual
agreement in which one firm
permits another to produce and
market its product and use its
brand name in return for a royalty
or other compensation

letter of credit issued by a bank
on request of an importer stating
that the bank will pay an amount
of money to a stated beneficiary
bill of lading document
issued by a transport carrier
to an exporter to prove that
merchandise has been shipped
draft issued by the exporter’s
bank, ordering the importer’s
bank to pay for the merchandise,
thus guaranteeing payment once
accepted by the importer’

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Dana Moneter InternasionalDana Moneter Internasional (IMF) adalah bank internasional dengan anggota 188bangsa-bangsa yang membuat pinjaman jangka pendek untuk negara-negara berkembang yang mengalami balanceof-pembayaran defisit. Pembiayaan ini merupakan kontribusi oleh negara-negara anggota, dan itu harusdilunasi dengan bunga. Pinjaman disediakan terutama untuk mendanai perdagangan internasional. Dibuatpada 1945 dan berkantor pusat di Washington, DC, bank tujuan utama adalah untuk:●● mempromosikan kerjasama moneter internasional,●● memfasilitasi perluasan dan pertumbuhan yang seimbang dari perdagangan internasional,●● mempromosikan stabilitas nilai tukar,●● membantu dalam membangun sistem multilateral pembayaran, dan●● membuat sumber daya yang tersedia untuk anggota yang mengalami kesulitan neraca pembayaran.Tantangan di depanDalam sebuah pidato 2012 di Universitas Oxford, Pascal Lamy, Direktur Jenderal duniaPerdagangan Organiztion yang menyatakan, "kita hidup di dunia yang pernah berkembang kemerdekaan danketerkaitan. Kami saling ketergantungan telah tumbuh melampaui imajinasi seseorang93Dunia hari ini hampir dikenali dari dunia di mana kita tinggal satugenerasi yang lalu." Contoh yang paling mencolok globalisasi adalah Apple. Apple iPoddirancang di Amerika Serikat, yang diproduksi dengan komponen dari Jepang, Korea, danbeberapa negara-negara Asia, dan berkumpul di Cina oleh sebuah perusahaan dari CinaTaipei. Saat ini, sebagian besar produk yang tidak "Dibuat di UK" atau "Dibuat di Perancis"; merekaare in fact “Made in the World.”10In 2012, the global economic recovery remained sluggish. Financial challenges insome euro-area economies slowed the economic growth. However, WTO rules andprinciples have assisted governments in keeping markets open and they now providea platform for which the trade can grow as the global economy improves. Accordingto Mr. Lamy, “We see the light at the end of the tunnel and trade promises to be animportant part of the recovery. But we must avoid derailing any economic revivalthrough protectionism.”SUMMARYExplain the economic basis for internationalbusiness.International business encompasses all business activities thatinvolve exchanges across national boundaries. Internationaltrade is based on specialization, whereby each countryproduces the goods and services that it can produce moreefficiently than any other goods and services. A nation issaid to have a comparative advantage relative to these goods.International trade develops when each nation trades itssurplus products for those in short supply.A nation’s balance of trade is the difference between thevalue of its exports and the value of its imports. Its balanceof payments is the difference between the flow of money intoand out of the nation. Generally, a negative balance of tradeis considered unfavorable.Discuss the restrictions nations place oninternational trade, the objectives of theserestrictions, and their results.
Despite the benefits of world trade, nations tend to use
tariffs and nontariff barriers (import quotas, embargoes, and
other restrictions) to limit trade. These restrictions typically
are justified as being needed to protect a nation’s economy,
industries, citizens, or security. They can result in the loss of
94

jobs, higher prices, fewer choices in the marketplace, and the
misallocation of resources.
Outline the extent of international business and
the world economic outlook for trade.
World trade is generally increasing. Trade between the
United States and other nations is increasing in dollar value
but decreasing in terms of our share of the world market.
Exports as a percentage of U.S. GDP have increased steadily
since 1985, except in the 2001 and 2008 recessions.
Discuss international trade agreements and
international economic organizations working to
foster trade.
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
was formed to dismantle trade barriers and provide an
environment in which international business can grow. Today,
the World Trade Organization (WTO) and various economic
communities carry on this mission. These world economic
communities include the European Union, the NAFTA, the
CAFTA, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the
Pacific Rim, the Commonwealth of Independent States,
the Caribbean Basin Initiative, the Common Market of the
Southern Cone, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development.
Define the methods by which a firm can organize
for and enter into international markets.
A firm can enter international markets in several ways. It may
license a foreign firm to produce and market its products.
It may export its products and sell them through foreign
intermediaries or its own sales organization abroad, or it
may sell its exports outright to an export–import merchant.
It may enter into a joint venture with a foreign firm. It may
establish its own foreign subsidiaries, or it may develop into
a multinational enterprise.
Generally, each of these methods represents an increasingly
deeper level of involvement in international business,
with licensing being the simplest and the development of a
multinational corporation the most involved.
Describe the various sources of export
assistance.
Many government and international agencies provide
export assistance to U.S. and foreign firms. The export
services and programs of the 19 agencies of the U.S. Trade
Promotion Coordinating Committee (TPCC) can help U.S.
firms to compete in foreign markets and create new jobs
in the United States. Sources of export assistance include
U.S. Export Assistance Centers, the International Trade
Administration, U.S. and Foreign Commercial Services,
Export Legal Assistance Network, Advocacy Center,
National Trade Data Bank, and other government and
international agencies.
Identify the institutions that help firms and
nations finance international business.
The financing of international trade is more complex than
that of domestic trade. Institutions such as the Ex-Im Bank
and the International Monetary Fund have been established
to provide financing and ultimately to increase world trade
for American and international firms

1. Why do firms engage in international trade?
2. What is the difference between an absolute and a comparative
advantage in international trade? How are both types of
advantages related to the concept of specialization?
3. What is a favorable balance of trade? In what way is it “favorable”?
4. L ist and briefly describe the principal restrictions that may be
applied to a nation’s imports.
5. What reasons are generally given for imposing trade restrictions?
6. What are the general effects of import restrictions on trade?.
95

7. D efine and describe the major objectives of the WTO and the
international economic communities.
8. Which nations are the principal trading partners of the United
States? What are the major U.S. imports and exports?
9. The methods of engaging in international business may be
categorized as either direct or indirect. How would you classify
each of the methods described in this chapter? Why?
10. In what ways is a multinational enterprise different from a
large corporation that does business in several countries?
11. L ist some key sources of export assistance. How can these
sources be useful to small business firms?
12. In what ways do the Ex-Im Bank, multilateral development
banks, and the IMF enhance international trade?
96


KEY TERMSSSSS

international business all
business activities that involve
exchanges across national
boundaries
absolute advantage the ability
to produce a specific product
more efficiently than any other
nation
comparative advantage the
ability to produce a specific
product more efficiently than any
other product

exporting selling and shipping
raw materials or products to other
nations
importing purchasing raw
materials or products in other
nations and bringing them into
one’s own country

balance of trade the total value
of a nation’s exports minus the
total value of its imports over
some period of time
trade deficit a negative balance
of trade

balance of payments the total
flow of money into a country minus
the total flow of money out of that
country over some period of time

import duty (tariff) a tax levied
on a particular foreign product
entering a country
dumping exportation of large
quantities of a product at a price
lower than that of the same
product in the home market
nontariff barrier a nontax
measure imposed by a government
to favor domestic over foreign
suppliers
import quota a limit on the
amount of a particular good that
may be imported into a country
during a given period of time
embargo a complete halt to
trading with a particular nation or
in a particular product

foreign-exchange control a
restriction on the amount of a
particular foreign currency that
can be purchased or sold
currency devaluation the
reduction of the value of a
nation’s currency relative to the
currencies of other countries

General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GA TT) an
international organization of 153
nations dedicated to reducing
or eliminating tariffs and other
barriers to world trade

World Trade Organization
(WTO) powerful successor to
GA TT that incorporates trade in
goods, services, and ideas

economic community an
organization of nations formed
to promote the free movement of
resources and products among its
members and to create common
economic policies

licensing a contractual
agreement in which one firm
permits another to produce and
market its product and use its
brand name in return for a royalty
or other compensation

letter of credit issued by a bank
on request of an importer stating
that the bank will pay an amount
of money to a stated beneficiary
bill of lading document
issued by a transport carrier
to an exporter to prove that
merchandise has been shipped
draft issued by the exporter’s
bank, ordering the importer’s
bank to pay for the merchandise,
thus guaranteeing payment once
accepted by the importer’

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Dana Moneter Internasional
Dana Moneter Internasional (IMF) adalah bank internasional dengan 188 anggota
negara-negara yang membuat pinjaman jangka pendek untuk negara-negara berkembang mengalami balanceof-
defisit pembayaran. Pembiayaan ini disumbangkan oleh negara-negara anggota, dan itu harus
dibayar dengan bunga. Pinjaman diberikan terutama untuk membiayai perdagangan internasional. Dibuat
pada tahun 1945 dan berkantor pusat di Washington, DC, tujuan utama bank adalah untuk:
●● mempromosikan kerjasama moneter internasional,
●● memfasilitasi perluasan dan pertumbuhan yang seimbang dari perdagangan internasional,
●● mempromosikan stabilitas nilai tukar,
●● membantu dalam membangun multilateral sistem pembayaran, dan
●● membuat sumber daya yang tersedia untuk anggota yang mengalami keseimbangan-of-pembayaran kesulitan.
Tantangan ke Depan
Dalam 2012 pidato di Universitas Oxford, Pascal Lamy, Direktur Jenderal World
Trade Organiztion menyatakan, "Kita hidup di dunia dari tumbuh pernah kemandirian dan
keterkaitan. Saling ketergantungan kita telah tumbuh melampaui siapa pun imajinasi
93 dunia saat ini adalah hampir tak bisa dikenali dari dunia di mana kita hidup satu generasi yang lalu. "Contoh yang paling mencolok dari globalisasi adalah Apple. Apple iPod dirancang di Amerika Serikat, diproduksi dengan komponen dari Jepang, Korea, dan beberapa negara Asia lainnya, dan dirakit di China oleh perusahaan dari Cina Taipei. Saat ini, kebanyakan produk yang tidak "Made di Inggris" atau "Made in France"; mereka sebenarnya "Dibuat di Dunia." 10 Pada 2012, pemulihan ekonomi global masih lesu. Tantangan keuangan di beberapa negara kawasan euro memperlambat pertumbuhan ekonomi. Namun, aturan WTO dan prinsip-prinsip telah membantu pemerintah dalam menjaga pasar terbuka dan mereka sekarang menyediakan platform untuk perdagangan yang dapat tumbuh karena ekonomi global membaik. Menurut Mr Lamy, "Kami melihat cahaya di ujung terowongan dan perdagangan menjanjikan untuk menjadi bagian penting dari pemulihan. Tapi kita harus menghindari menggelincirkan setiap kebangkitan ekonomi melalui proteksionisme. "RINGKASAN Jelaskan dasar ekonomi untuk internasional bisnis. Bisnis internasional meliputi seluruh aktivitas bisnis yang melibatkan pertukaran melintasi batas-batas nasional. Internasional perdagangan didasarkan pada spesialisasi, dimana masing-masing negara memproduksi barang dan jasa yang dapat menghasilkan lebih efisien daripada barang dan jasa lainnya. Suatu bangsa yang dikatakan memiliki keuntungan relatif komparatif untuk barang-barang ini. Perdagangan internasional terjadi ketika masing-masing negara perdagangan yang produk surplus bagi mereka dalam pasokan pendek. Keseimbangan bangsa perdagangan adalah perbedaan antara nilai ekspor dan nilai impor . Neraca pembayaran adalah perbedaan antara aliran uang ke dan dari bangsa. Umumnya, saldo negatif perdagangan dianggap tidak menguntungkan. Diskusikan pembatasan negara menempatkan pada perdagangan internasional, tujuan ini pembatasan, dan hasilnya. Kendati manfaat perdagangan dunia, negara-negara cenderung menggunakan tarif dan hambatan nontarif (kuota impor, embargo , dan pembatasan lainnya) untuk membatasi perdagangan. Pembatasan ini biasanya dibenarkan sebagai yang diperlukan untuk melindungi ekonomi, suatu negara industri, warga, atau keamanan. Mereka dapat mengakibatkan hilangnya 94 pekerjaan, harga yang lebih tinggi, lebih sedikit pilihan di pasar, dan misalokasi sumber daya. Garis besarnya bisnis internasional dan prospek ekonomi dunia untuk perdagangan. Perdagangan dunia umumnya meningkat. Perdagangan antara Amerika Serikat dan negara-negara lain meningkat dalam nilai dolar tetapi penurunan dalam hal pangsa kami pasar dunia. Ekspor sebagai persentase dari PDB AS telah meningkat terus sejak tahun 1985, kecuali di 2001 dan 2008 resesi. Diskusikan perjanjian perdagangan internasional dan organisasi ekonomi internasional yang bekerja untuk mendorong perdagangan. The GATT (GATT) dibentuk untuk membongkar hambatan perdagangan dan memberikan lingkungan di mana bisnis internasional dapat tumbuh. Hari ini, Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO) dan berbagai ekonomi masyarakat melaksanakan misi ini. Ini ekonomi dunia masyarakat termasuk Uni Eropa, NAFTA, CAFTA, Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara, Pasifik, Commonwealth of Independent States, Karibia Basin Initiative, Pasar Umum dari Cone Selatan, Organisasi Pengekspor Minyak negara, dan Organisasi untuk Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Pembangunan. Tentukan metode yang perusahaan dapat mengatur untuk dan masuk ke dalam pasar internasional. Sebuah perusahaan dapat memasuki pasar internasional dalam beberapa cara. Mungkin lisensi perusahaan asing untuk memproduksi dan memasarkan produk-produknya. Ini mungkin mengekspor produknya dan menjualnya melalui asing perantara atau organisasi penjualan sendiri di luar negeri, atau mungkin menjual ekspor langsung ke pedagang ekspor-impor. Ini mungkin masuk ke dalam joint venture dengan perusahaan asing. Ini mungkin membentuk anak perusahaan asing sendiri, atau mungkin berkembang menjadi sebuah perusahaan multinasional. Umumnya, setiap metode tersebut merupakan semakin tingkat yang lebih dalam keterlibatan dalam bisnis internasional, dengan lisensi yang paling sederhana dan pengembangan perusahaan multinasional yang paling terlibat. Jelaskan berbagai sumber ekspor bantuan. Banyak pemerintah dan lembaga internasional memberikan bantuan ekspor ke AS dan perusahaan-perusahaan asing. Ekspor layanan dan program dari 19 lembaga Perdagangan AS Komite Koordinasi Promosi (TPCC) dapat membantu AS perusahaan untuk bersaing di pasar luar negeri dan menciptakan lapangan kerja baru di Amerika Serikat. Sumber bantuan ekspor termasuk AS Pusat Bantuan ekspor, Perdagangan Internasional Administrasi, AS dan Jasa Asing Komersial, ekspor Hukum Bantuan Jaringan, Advokasi Pusat, National Trade Bank Data, dan pemerintah dan lainnya lembaga internasional. Mengidentifikasi lembaga yang membantu perusahaan dan negara-negara membiayai bisnis internasional. Pembiayaan perdagangan internasional lebih kompleks daripada yang dari perdagangan dalam negeri. Lembaga seperti Ex-Im Bank dan Dana Moneter Internasional telah dibentuk untuk menyediakan pembiayaan dan akhirnya untuk meningkatkan perdagangan dunia untuk Amerika dan internasional perusahaan 1. Mengapa perusahaan-perusahaan terlibat dalam perdagangan internasional? 2. Apa perbedaan antara mutlak dan komparatif keuntungan dalam perdagangan internasional? Bagaimana kedua jenis keuntungan yang berkaitan dengan konsep spesialisasi? 3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan keseimbangan yang menguntungkan dari perdagangan? Dengan cara apa itu "menguntungkan"? 4. L ist dan jelaskan secara singkat pembatasan utama yang dapat diterapkan untuk impor suatu negara. 5. Apa alasan yang umumnya diberikan untuk memaksakan pembatasan perdagangan? 6. Apa efek umum pembatasan impor pada perdagangan ?. 95 7. D efine dan menjelaskan tujuan utama dari WTO dan masyarakat ekonomi internasional. 8. Negara yang merupakan mitra dagang utama Amerika Serikat? Apa impor utama AS dan ekspor? 9. Metode terlibat dalam bisnis internasional dapat dikategorikan sebagai baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Bagaimana Anda akan mengelompokkan masing-masing metode yang dijelaskan dalam bab ini? Mengapa? 10. Dengan cara apa adalah perusahaan multinasional yang berbeda dari perusahaan besar yang melakukan bisnis di beberapa negara? 11. L ist beberapa sumber kunci dari bantuan ekspor. Bagaimana bisa ini sumber berguna untuk perusahaan usaha kecil? 12. Dalam hal apa yang Ex-Im Bank, pembangunan multilateral bank, dan IMF meningkatkan perdagangan internasional? 96 TERMSSSSS KEY bisnis internasional semua kegiatan bisnis yang melibatkan pertukaran di seluruh nasional batas keuntungan absolut kemampuan untuk menghasilkan produk tertentu lebih efisien dari yang lain bangsa keunggulan komparatif kemampuan untuk menghasilkan tertentu produk yang lebih efisien daripada produk lainnya mengekspor menjual dan pengiriman bahan baku atau produk dengan yang lain negara mengimpor membeli baku bahan atau produk di lain negara dan membawa mereka ke satu negara sendiri neraca perdagangan total nilai dari ekspor nasional dikurangi total nilai impor selama beberapa periode waktu defisit perdagangan saldo negatif perdagangan neraca pembayaran total aliran uang ke negara dikurangi total aliran uang dari yang negara selama beberapa periode waktu bea masuk ( tarif) pajak yang dikenakan pada produk asing tertentu memasuki negara pembuangan ekspor besar kuantitas produk dengan harga yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan yang sama produk di pasar dalam negeri penghalang nontarif sebuah nonpajak ukuran yang diberlakukan oleh pemerintah untuk mendukung domestik lebih asing pemasok kuota impor batas pada jumlah barang tertentu yang dapat diimpor ke negara selama periode waktu tertentu embargo menghentikan lengkap untuk perdagangan dengan bangsa tertentu atau di produk tertentu devisa mengendalikan pembatasan pada jumlah dari mata uang asing tertentu yang dapat dibeli atau dijual devaluasi mata uang pengurangan nilai dari mata uang negara relatif terhadap mata uang negara lain Persetujuan Umum tentang Tarif dan Perdagangan (GA TT) sebuah organisasi internasional dari 153 negara yang didedikasikan untuk mengurangi atau menghilangkan tarif dan lain hambatan perdagangan dunia World Trade Organization (WTO) penerus yang kuat untuk GA TT yang menggabungkan perdagangan barang, jasa, dan ide-ide masyarakat ekonomi suatu organisasi negara yang dibentuk untuk mempromosikan gerakan bebas dari sumber daya dan produk antara yang anggota dan untuk membuat umum ekonomi kebijakan lisensi sebuah kontrak perjanjian di mana satu perusahaan memungkinkan lain untuk memproduksi dan memasarkan produk dan menggunakan nya nama merek dengan imbalan royalti atau kompensasi lainnya letter of credit yang diterbitkan oleh bank atas permintaan dari importir menyatakan bahwa bank akan membayar sejumlah uang kepada penerima menyatakan tagihan dokumen lading diterbitkan oleh pembawa transportasi untuk eksportir untuk membuktikan bahwa barang telah dikirim rancangan dikeluarkan oleh eksportir bank memesan importir bank untuk membayar untuk barang dagangan, sehingga menjamin pembayaran setelah diterima oleh importir '