METHODOLOGYSeismic refractionSeismi

METHODOLOGY
Seismic refraction
Seismic refraction method is widely utilized in delineation of the deep earth layers,
determination of the physical properties of ground and in solution of the engineering problems -
such as selection of dumping and settling areas and designation of the bearing capacity for
engineering structures (Grand and West, 1965; Sarma and Iossifelis, 1990; Budhu and Al-Karni,
1993; Richards et al., 1993; Dormieux and Pecker, 1995; Paolucci and Pecker, 1997; Soubra,
1997; Reynolds, 1997; Kumar and Rao, 2002; Kumar and Kumar, 2003; Turker, 2004; Coudhury
and Subba , 2005; Othman, 2005; Tezcan et al., 2006; Ulugergerli and Uyanik, 2007). The
method provides elastic properties of subsurface layers for engineering applications (Grant and
West, 1965). The usage fields are easily extended to various interdisciplinary problems, as quality
control of ground before and after compaction and determination of the degree of compaction and
compaction efficiency (Uyanık and Ulugergerli, 2008). Delineation of alteration zones,
investigation of cavities, establishing the occurrence, locations and apertures of structural
discontinuities, determination of zones of structural weakness in the basement, and stability
analysis of the ground together with the determination of mechanical properties of the rocks, may
also be obtained via evaluation of seismic velocities, Vp and Atterberg limits. Vp were correlated
with the corresponding value of Atterberg limits (Liquid limit, LL; Plastic limit, PL and Plasticity
index, LI).