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Protecting Minority Shareholders RightsThe Role of AssociationsThe minority shareholders rights can be protected by goodcorporate governance. These practices can createtransparency, responsible and accountable business. As theOECD’s Corporate Governance PrinciplesState, “Minority shareholders should be protected fromAbusive actions by, or in the interest of, controllingShareholders acting either directly or indirectly, and shouldhave effective means of redress.” (OECD, 2004)CIPE (Center for International Private Enterprise) partnerthe Corporate Governance Center in Kenya is an illustrative example. It arranges an awareness-building campaign oncorporate governance rules so that shareholders know theirrights and ensure that their rights are properly protected(Shkolnikov, 2006)Corporate governance in PakistanIn Pakistan, there is multifaceted corporate governanceregime. Laws fall into one of the following six categories.1. General corporate laws.2. Rules and regulations made under corporate laws.3. Stock exchanges’ listing regulations and bylaws.4. Civil laws, including those that provide remediesfor seeking declarations, enforcement of a claimand recovery (Specific Relief Act, 1877).5. Criminal laws for breaches of trust, fraud, etc.(PPC, 1860)6. Special prosecution under the NationalAccountability Ordinance, 1999 for corporatefraud and misappropriation.Under companies ordinance 1984 the requirement forseeking remedy against any oppression or mismanagementis that at least twenty five percent of shareholders to initiatea complaint. Shareholders representing at least ten percentbut less than twenty percent apply to SECP to appoint aninspector to investigate company affairs.The companies’ ordinance 1984 does not recognizeshareholder who represent less than ten percent of thecompany shares. Minority shareholders can seek remedy incivil courts by suing for tortuous loss.
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