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Circadian and Seasonal Adaptive Mechanisms and Their Disturbances in Mood Disorders The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Almost all physiological functions of the body, likesecretion patterns of hormones, sleep-wake cycle or core body temperature, follow specific rhythmic changes throughout the day [13]. These highly specialized functions are driven by the master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and can be seen as the core of an adaptive system reacting to predictable everyday demands of life. The SCN consists of approximately 10,000 neurons located within the anterior hypothalamus and allows mammals, including humans, to maintain this circadian cycle in body functions, even when totally isolated from zeitgebers [14]. This function is lost if the SCN is destroyed [15]. The circadian system is primarily entrained by the zeitgeber light. Information on the light-dark cycle is perceived and transduced by melanopsin-containing retinal cells [16]. These cells are directly connected to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract and are not part of the visual system. Entrainment depends on time of presentation, duration, wavelength and dose of light [17]. In addition, the SCN is modulated by serotonergic neurons originating in the raphe nuclei [18]. The SCN receives direct feedback from the pineal gland via MT 1and MT 2 melatonin receptors [19, 20]. However, the majority of cells in the human organism follow their own circadian rhythms and zeitgebers. These rhythms are synchronized with the primary oscillator, SCN, to a varying extent [21–23].
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