Activity 1 Recall that wave summati

Activity 1
Recall that wave summation occurs when a skeletal muscle is simulated with such frequency that muscle twitches overlap and result in astronger contraction than a single muscle twitch. When the stimulations are frequent enough , the muscle reaches astate of fused tetanus, during wich the individual muscle twitches cannot be distinguished. Tetanus occurs in skeletal muscle because skeletal muscle has a relatively short absolute refractory period (a period during which action potentials cannot be generated no matter how strong the stimulus)
Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle has a relatively long refractory period and is thus incapable of wave summation. In fact, cardiac muscle muscle is incapable of reacting to any stimulus before approximately the middle of phrase 3, and will not respond to a normal cardiac stimulus before phrase 4. The period of time between the beginning of the cardiac action potential and the approximate middle of phrase 3 is the absolute refractory period. The period of time between the absolute refractory period and phrase 4 is the relative refractory period. The total refractory period of cardiac muscle is 200-250 milliseconds-almost as long as contraction of teh cardiac muscle.
Activity 2
The autonomic nervous system has two branches : the sympathetic nervous system (figh or flight) and parasympathetic nervous system (resting and digesting) . at rest both the sympathetic and parasympatethic nervous system are working but the parasympathetic branch is more active. The sympathetic nervous system becomes more active when needed , for example, during exercise and when confronting danger .
The vagus nerve carries the signal to the heart . if stimulation of the vagus nerve (vagal stimulation)is excessive, the heart will stop beating . after a short time, the ventricles will begin to beat again . teh resumption of the heartbeat is referred to as vagal escape and can be the result of sympathetic reflexes or initation of a rhythm by the Purkinje fibers .
The sinoatrial node (SA node) is a cluster of autorhythmic cardiac cells found in the right atrial wall in the human heart. The SA node has the fartest rate of spontaneous depolarization and for that reason it determines the heart rate and is therefore referred to as the heart’s “pacemaker”

Activity 3
Humans are homeothermic , which means that the human body maintains an internal body temperature within the 35,8-38,2 C range even though the external temparature is changing .
During extreme external temperature conditions , the body might not be able to maintain homeostatis and either hyperthermia (elevated body temperature) or hypothermia (low body temperature ) could result . in contrast, the frog is poikilothermic animal . its internal body temperature changes depending on the temperature of its external environment because it lacks internal homeostatic regulatory mechanisms

Activity 4
The sympathetic nervous system is activated in times of “fight or flight “ and sympathetic nerve fiber release norephinephrine (also known as noradrenaline)and ephinephrine (also known as adrenaline ) at their cardiac synapses .
Norephinephrine and ephinephrine insrease the frequency of action potentials by binding to B1 adrenergic receptors embedded in the plasma membrane of sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)cells
Parasympathetic nerve fibers release acetylcholine at their cardiac synapses .
Chemical modifiers that inhibit , mimic, or enhance the action of acetylcholine in the body are labeled cholinergic. Chemical modifiers that inhibit , mimic, or enhance the action of ephineprine in the body are adrenergic . if the modifier works in the same fashion as the neurotransmitter (acethylcoline and norephineprine ) it is an agonist . if the modifier works in oppostion to the neurotransmitter it is an antagonist .
Activity 5
Modifiers that affect heart rate are chronotropic and modifiers that affect the force of contraction are inotropic .

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Activity 1 Recall that wave summation occurs when a skeletal muscle is simulated with such frequency that muscle twitches overlap and result in astronger contraction than a single muscle twitch. When the stimulations are frequent enough , the muscle reaches astate of fused tetanus, during wich the individual muscle twitches cannot be distinguished. Tetanus occurs in skeletal muscle because skeletal muscle has a relatively short absolute refractory period (a period during which action potentials cannot be generated no matter how strong the stimulus) Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle has a relatively long refractory period and is thus incapable of wave summation. In fact, cardiac muscle muscle is incapable of reacting to any stimulus before approximately the middle of phrase 3, and will not respond to a normal cardiac stimulus before phrase 4. The period of time between the beginning of the cardiac action potential and the approximate middle of phrase 3 is the absolute refractory period. The period of time between the absolute refractory period and phrase 4 is the relative refractory period. The total refractory period of cardiac muscle is 200-250 milliseconds-almost as long as contraction of teh cardiac muscle.Activity 2 Sistem saraf otonom memiliki dua cabang: sistem saraf simpatik (figh atau penerbangan) dan saraf parasimpatik sistem (istirahat dan mencerna). beristirahat kedua sistem saraf simpatik dan parasympatethic bekerja tetapi cabang parasimpatis lebih aktif. Sistem saraf simpatik menjadi lebih aktif bila diperlukan, misalnya, selama latihan dan ketika menghadapi bahaya. Saraf vagus membawa sinyal ke jantung. Jika stimulasi saraf vagus (stimulasi vagal) berlebihan, jantung akan berhenti memukuli. setelah waktu yang singkat, ventrikel akan mulai untuk mengalahkan lagi. dimulainya detak jantung disebut sebagai vagal melarikan diri dan dapat menjadi hasil dari refleks simpatik atau initation irama oleh serat Purkinje. Sinoatrial node (SA node) adalah sekelompok autorhythmic sel-sel jantung yang ditemukan di atrium kanan dinding di hati manusia. SA node telah fartest tingkat depolarization spontan dan untuk alasan itu menentukan denyut jantung dan karena itu disebut sebagai dengan hati "alat"Kegiatan 3 Manusia homeothermic, yang berarti bahwa tubuh manusia mempertahankan suhu tubuh internal dalam 35,8-38,2 C berkisar meskipun temparature eksternal berubah. During extreme external temperature conditions , the body might not be able to maintain homeostatis and either hyperthermia (elevated body temperature) or hypothermia (low body temperature ) could result . in contrast, the frog is poikilothermic animal . its internal body temperature changes depending on the temperature of its external environment because it lacks internal homeostatic regulatory mechanismsActivity 4 The sympathetic nervous system is activated in times of “fight or flight “ and sympathetic nerve fiber release norephinephrine (also known as noradrenaline)and ephinephrine (also known as adrenaline ) at their cardiac synapses .Norephinephrine and ephinephrine insrease the frequency of action potentials by binding to B1 adrenergic receptors embedded in the plasma membrane of sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)cellsParasympathetic nerve fibers release acetylcholine at their cardiac synapses .Chemical modifiers that inhibit , mimic, or enhance the action of acetylcholine in the body are labeled cholinergic. Chemical modifiers that inhibit , mimic, or enhance the action of ephineprine in the body are adrenergic . if the modifier works in the same fashion as the neurotransmitter (acethylcoline and norephineprine ) it is an agonist . if the modifier works in oppostion to the neurotransmitter it is an antagonist .Activity 5Modifiers that affect heart rate are chronotropic and modifiers that affect the force of contraction are inotropic .

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Kegiatan 1
Ingat bahwa gelombang penjumlahan terjadi ketika otot rangka disimulasikan dengan frekuensi seperti yang berkedut otot tumpang tindih dan menghasilkan kontraksi astronger dari kedutan otot tunggal. Ketika rangsangan yang cukup sering, otot mencapai astate tetanus menyatu, selama Wich berkedut otot individu tidak dapat dibedakan. Tetanus terjadi di otot rangka karena otot skeletal memiliki relatif singkat periode refrakter absolut (periode di mana potensial aksi tidak dapat dihasilkan tidak peduli seberapa kuat stimulus)
seperti otot rangka, otot jantung memiliki periode refrakter relatif lama dan dengan demikian mampu gelombang penjumlahan. Bahkan, otot otot jantung tidak mampu bereaksi terhadap stimulus sebelum sekitar tengah kalimat 3, dan tidak akan menanggapi stimulus jantung normal sebelum frase 4. Periode waktu antara awal potensial aksi jantung dan perkiraan tengah frase 3 adalah periode refrakter absolut. Periode waktu antara periode refrakter absolut dan frase 4 adalah periode refrakter relatif. Periode refrakter total otot jantung adalah 200-250 milidetik-hampir selama kontraksi teh otot jantung.
Kegiatan 2
Sistem saraf otonom memiliki dua cabang: sistem saraf simpatik (figh atau penerbangan) dan sistem saraf parasimpatis (beristirahat dan mencerna ). saat istirahat kedua sistem saraf simpatik dan parasympatethic bekerja tapi cabang parasimpatis lebih aktif. Sistem saraf simpatik menjadi lebih aktif bila diperlukan, misalnya, selama latihan dan ketika menghadapi bahaya.
Saraf vagus membawa sinyal ke jantung. jika stimulasi saraf vagus (stimulasi vagal) yang berlebihan, jantung akan berhenti berdenyut. setelah waktu yang singkat, ventrikel akan mulai berdetak lagi. teh dimulainya kembali detak jantung disebut melarikan diri sebagai vagal dan dapat menjadi hasil dari refleks simpatik atau initation irama dengan serat Purkinje.
The sinoatrial simpul (SA node) adalah sekelompok sel jantung autorhythmic ditemukan di dinding atrium kanan di hati manusia. SA node memiliki tingkat fartest depolarisasi spontan dan untuk alasan itu menentukan tingkat jantung dan karena itu disebut sebagai "alat pacu jantung" jantung

Activity 3
Manusia homeothermic, yang berarti bahwa tubuh manusia mempertahankan suhu tubuh internal dalam 35 , 8-38,2 C kisaran meskipun temparature eksternal berubah.
Selama kondisi suhu eksternal yang ekstrim, tubuh mungkin tidak mampu mempertahankan homeostasis dan baik hipertermia (suhu tubuh meningkat) atau hipotermia (suhu tubuh rendah) dapat terjadi. Sebaliknya, katak adalah hewan poikilothermic. suhu tubuh internal berubah tergantung pada suhu lingkungan eksternalnya karena kekurangan internal yang homeostatis mekanisme pengaturan

Kegiatan 4
Sistem saraf simpatik diaktifkan pada saat "melawan atau lari" dan serat saraf simpatis rilis norepinefrin (juga dikenal sebagai noradrenalin) dan ephinephrine (juga dikenal sebagai adrenalin) pada sinapsis jantung mereka.
norepinefrin dan ephinephrine insrease frekuensi potensial aksi dengan mengikat reseptor adrenergik B1 tertanam dalam membran plasma dari sinoatrial (SA) node (alat pacu jantung) sel
serabut saraf parasimpatis melepaskan asetilkolin pada sinaps jantung mereka .
pengubah kimia yang menghambat, meniru, atau meningkatkan kerja asetilkolin dalam tubuh diberi label kolinergik. Pengubah kimia yang menghambat, meniru, atau meningkatkan aksi ephineprine dalam tubuh adalah adrenergik. jika modifikator bekerja dengan cara yang sama sebagai neurotransmitter (acethylcoline dan norephineprine) itu adalah agonis. jika modifikator bekerja di oposisi yang untuk neurotransmitter itu adalah antagonis.
Kegiatan 5
Pengubah yang mempengaruhi denyut jantung yang chronotropic dan pengubah yang mempengaruhi kekuatan kontraksi yang inotropik.