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ursuant to the Patent Law and the Implementing Regulations of the Patent Law, the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) promulgated Measures on Compulsory Licensing for Patent Exploitation in China, effective on 1 May 2012 (‘Compulsory Measures’). The purposes of the Compulsory Measures are to establish procedures for granting and providing royalties for compulsory licensing of invention patents and utility model patents. The SIPO is responsible for carrying out these procedures. These procedures conform to the provisions of the Patent Law, Chapter VI, Articles 48–58.In keeping with the unfortunate practice in China to compel foreigners to use unnecessary Chinese agencies, foreign persons not resident in China must entrust matters relating to compulsory licensing to a Chinese patent agency by power of attorney; Compulsory Measures, Article 4.Where the holder of a patent, ‘… with no legitimate grounds, fails to exploit or adequately exploit its or his patent after the lapse of three years from the date on which the patent is granted and after the lapse of four years from the date on which the patent application is submitted, an entity or individual which is qualified to exploit the patent, may file a request for the grant of compulsory licensing …’, Compulsory Measures, Article 5. Similarly, in situations where: a national emergency declared by a department of the State Council; in matters of public health; or where the patent holder is legally determined by a court of law or anti-monopoly enforcement agency to have monopolistic practices; these are all subject to compulsorylicences, Compulsory Measures, Articles 5, 6, 7, 11 and 12; and Patent Law Articles 49 and 50.If a patent brings important technical progress, and the exploitation thereof, depends on the earlier patent; pursuant to the Patent Law Articles 49-51, a patent holder may request compulsory licensing to exploit the earlier patent, Compulsory Measures, Article 8. If the SIPO grants compulsory licensing of the earlier patent, the owner of the earlier patent may request compulsory licensing for exploitation of the latter patent, Compulsory Measures, Article 8.Applications for compulsory licensing require the applicant to provide the reasons for its request, Compulsory Measures, Article 9(4).If the request for compulsory licensing is made pursuant to the Patent Law, Articles 48(1) or 51, then the applicant must provide evidence to prove it has requested licensing of the patent for exploitation from the patentee, on reasonable terms, and it has been refused, Compulsory Measures, Article 11.The TRIPS Agreement (Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), Article 31, provides limitations on its members, of which China is one, from allowing a patent to be used without theauthorisationof the rights holder. A protocol amending China’s accession so as to conform to TRIPS, states: ‘Decisions by the patent administration department of the State Council to grant compulsorylicencesaccording to Article 50 of the Patent Law should,… conform to provisions on compulsory licensing to address public health issues in relevant international agreements which China is a signatory of or a party to’. With regard to pharmaceuticals, if the SIPO grants compulsory licensing to an importer, the label on the product shall state it is manufactured under compulsory licensing and the grantee shall publish this on its web page, including information on the quantity of the product shipped to the importer etc, Compulsory Measures, Article 23(2) and (3), and Patent Law, Article 50. The SIPO shall at the same time ensure that the World Trade Organization (WTO) is informed of this act, Compulsory Measures, Article 24. While these provisions regarding pharmaceuticals appear to conform to TRIPS, it appears that the holder of the compulsorylicencecan export the pharmaceuticals, which would seem to be contrary to the purposes of this provision in Chinese Law and in TRIPS.TRIPS provides that where there is compulsory licensing, the rights holder shall be paid adequate remuneration in the circumstances of each case, taking into account the economic value of theauthorisation, TRIPS, Article 31(h). Where compulsory licensing is ordered, the owner of the patent can request royalties from the SIPO,Compulsory Measures, Article 25; provided only the parties have conducted negotiations with regarding to royalties and failed. The SIPO should make a decision on said application within three months receipt of the application. This provision conforms to TRIPS, except the long decision-making process. Properly, the decision as to royalties should be made at the same time as the grant of a compulsorylicence, so as not to deprive the rights holder of proper compensation for a lengthy period.Compulsory licensing may be terminated when the reasons for it are eliminated, pursuant to an application from the patent holder to the SIPO.If any party is dissatisfied with a decision of the SIPO regarding compulsory licensing, it may apply for administrative review; or commence administrative litigation in the courts,Compulsory Measures, Article 41; as required by TRIPS, Article 31(j).* Mr Buxbaum is a well-regarded expert on Chinese law and private international law. He is Chairman of the Intellectual Property Rights Committee of AmCham South China, and has published extensively on IP matters in Asia. Additionally, he has litigated major IP cases in China, including a leading case, Microsoft v Juren (Beijing Intermediate Court, 1996). Mr Buxbaum is a Senior Partner in the firm Anderson & Anderson and can be reached at: buxbaum@anallp.com.
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