ShandongFrom Wikipedia, the free en

Shandong
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the fabric, see Shantung (fabric).
Shandong Province
山东省
Province
Name transcription(s)
• Chinese 山东省 (Shāndōng Shěng)
• Abbreviation 鲁/魯 (pinyin: Lǔ)
Map showing the location of Shandong Province
Map showing the location of Shandong Province
Coordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′ECoordinates: 36°24′N 118°24′E
Named for 山 shān – mountain
东 dōng – east
"east of the Taihang Mountains"
Capital Jinan
Largest city Linyi
Divisions 17 prefectures, 140 counties, 1941 townships
Government
• Secretary Jiang Yikang
• Governor Guo Shuqing
Area[1]
• Total 157,100 km2 (60,700 sq mi)
Area rank 20th
Population (2012)[2]
• Total 96,800,000
• Rank 2nd
• Density 620/km2 (1,600/sq mi)
• Density rank 5th
Demographics
• Ethnic composition Han - 99.3%
Hui - 0.6%
• Languages and dialects Jiaoliao Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin
ISO 3166 code CN-37
GDP (2013) CNY 5.47 trillion
US$ 892 billion[3] (3rd)
- per capita CNY 56,508
US$ 9,218 (9th)
HDI (2010) 0.721[4] (high) (9th)
Website www.sd.gov.cn
This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Shandong
Simplified Chinese 山东
Traditional Chinese 山東
Postal Map Shantung
[show]Transcriptions

Shandong (simplified Chinese: 山东; traditional Chinese: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade–Giles: About this sound Shan1-tung1 (help·info)), is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region.

Shandong has played a major role in Chinese history from the beginning of Chinese civilization along the lower reaches of the Yellow River and served as a pivotal cultural and religious site for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism, and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and one of the world's sites with the longest history of continuous religious worship. The Buddhist temples in the mountains to the south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu is the birthplace of Confucius, and was later established as the center of Confucianism. Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient as well as modern north-south and east-west trading routes have helped to establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship that began in the late 19th century, Shandong has emerged as one of the most populous (95,793,065 inhabitants at the 2010 Census) and most affluent provinces in the People's Republic of China (GDP of CN¥5.468 trillion in 2013, or USD892 billion, China's third wealthiest province).

Contents

1 Name
2 Location
3 History
4 Geography
4.1 Geology
5 Politics
6 Economy
6.1 Wine industry
6.2 Economic and technological development zones
7 Demographics
8 Administrative divisions
9 Culture
10 Transport
11 Tourism
12 Education
12.1 Colleges and universities
12.2 Senior high schools
13 Sports
14 See also
15 References
15.1 Notes
15.2 Sources
16 External links

Name

Individually, the two Chinese characters in the name "Shandong" mean "mountain" (山) and "east" (东). Shandong could hence be translated literally as "east of the mountains" and refers to the province's location to the east of the Taihang Mountains.[5] A common nickname for Shandong is Qílǔ (simplified Chinese: 齐鲁; traditional Chinese: 齊魯), after the States of Qi and Lu that existed in the area during the Spring and Autumn Period. Whereas the State of Qi was a major power of its era, the State of Lu played only a minor role in the politics of its time. Lu, however, became renowned for being the home of Confucius and hence its cultural influence came to eclipse that of the State of Qi. The cultural dominance of the State of Lu heritage is reflected in the official abbreviation for Shandong which is "鲁" (Chinese: 魯; pinyin: Lǔ).[citation needed] English speakers in the 19th century called the province, Shan-tung.[6]
Location

The province is located on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River (Huang He) and extends out to sea in the form of the Shandong Peninsula. Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the north, Hebei to the northwest, Henan to the west, Jiangsu to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the southeast; it also shares a very short border with Anhui, between Henan and Jiangsu.
History
A Song-era monument to a legendary native of Shandong, the Yellow Emperor, at his supposed birthplace

With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, Shandong has felt the influence of Chinese civilization since remote antiquity. The earliest dynasties (the Shang dynasty and Zhou dynasty) exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong was inhabited by the Laiyi peoples who were considered "barbarians". Over subsequent centuries, the Laiyi were eventually sinicized.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period, regional states became increasingly powerful. At this time, Shandong was home to two powerful states: the state of Qi at Linzi and the state of Lu at Qufu. Lu is noted for being the home of Confucius. The state was, however, comparatively small, and eventually succumbed to the powerful state of Chu from the south. The state of Qi was, on the other hand, a major power throughout this entire period. Cities it ruled included Linzi, Jimo (north of modern Qingdao) and Ju.

The Qin Dynasty destroyed Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BCE. The Han Dynasty that followed created two zhou ("provinces") in what is now modern Shandong: Qingzhou Province (青州) in the north and Yanzhou Province (兗州) in the south. During the division of the Three Kingdoms Shandong belonged to the Kingdom of Wei, which ruled over northern China.

After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin Dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic peoples from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the Later Zhao, then Former Yan, then Former Qin, then Later Yan, then Southern Yan, then the Liu Song Dynasty, and finally the Northern Wei Dynasty, the first of the Northern Dynasties during the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period. Shandong stayed with the Northern Dynasties for the rest of this period.

In 412 CE, the Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan, on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from India.

The Sui Dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang Dynasty (618-907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit, one of the circuits (a political division). Later on China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.

The Song Dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological find. The statues included early examples of painted figures, and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong's Song Dynasty repression of Buddhism (he favored Taoism).

The Song Dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin Dynasty in 1142. Shandong was administered by the Jin Dynasty as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit – the first use of its current name.

The modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming Dynasty. It also included much of modern-day Liaoning (in south Manchuria) at the time. However, the Manchus increasingly asserted independence, and managed to conquer all of China in 1644. Under the Qing Dynasty, which they founded, Shandong acquired (more or less) its current borders.
Dezhou, Shandong.

During the nineteenth century, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence, and Shandong, a coastal province, was especially affected. Qingdao was leased to Germany in 1897 and Weihai to Britain in 1898. The rest of Shandong was generally considered to be part of the German sphere of influence. In addition, the Qing Dynasty opened Manchuria to Han Chinese immigration during the 19th century; Shandong was the main source of the ensuing tide of migrants.

Shandong was one of the first places in which the Boxer Rebellion started and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, the Qing-Dynasty general Yuan Shikai was appointed as governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for 3 years.

As a consequence of the First World War, Germany lost Qingdao and its sphere of influence in Shandong. The Treaty of Versailles transferred the German concessions in Shandong to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome of the Treaty of Versailles (Shandong Problem) led to the May Fourth Movement. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during the Washington Naval Conference. Weihai followed in 1930.

The return of control over Shandong fell into the Warlord era of the Republic of China. Shandong was handed over to the Zhili clique of warlords, but after the Second Zhili-Fengtian War of 1924, the Manchuria-based Fengtian clique took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang, nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong Province. Time dubbed him China's "basest warlord".[7] He ruled over the province until 1928, when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition. He was succeeded by Han Fuj

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

ShandongDari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebasUntuk kain, lihat Shantung (kain).Provinsi Shandong山东省ProvinsiTransliterasi nama • 山东省 Cina (Shāndōng Shěng) • Singkatan 鲁/魯 (pinyin: Lǔ)Peta yang menunjukkan letak Provinsi ShandongPeta yang menunjukkan letak Provinsi ShandongKoordinat: 36 ° 24′N 118 ° 24′ECoordinates: 36 ° 24′N 118 ° 24′EDinamai 山 shān-Gunung东 dōng-Timur"Timur pegunungan Taihang"Jinan modalLinyi kota terbesarDivisi 17 Prefektur, 140 County, kota-kota 1941Pemerintah • Sekretaris Jiang Yikang • Gubernur Guo ShuqingDaerah [1] • Total 157,100 km2 (60,700 sq mi)Daerah peringkat 20Populasi (2012) [2] • Total 96,800,000 • Peringkat ke-2 • Kepadatan 620/km2 (1600/sq mi) • Kepadatan peringkat 5Demografi • Susunan etnis Han - 99,3%Hui - 0,6% • Bahasa dan dialek Jiaoliao Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Zhongyuan MandarinISO 3166 kode CN-37PDB (2013) CNY 5.47 triliunUS$ 892 milyar [3] (3rd) -per kapita CNY 56,508US$ 9,218 (9)IPM (2010) [4] (tinggi) 0.721 (9)Situs web www.sd.gov.cn Artikel ini memuat teks berbahasa Tionghoa. Tanpa dukungan multibahasa, Anda mungkin melihat tanda tanya, kotak, atau karakter lain selain dari karakter Cina.Shandong山东 Cina disederhanakan山東 Cina tradisionalPeta pos Shantung[show]TranskripsiShandong (bahasa Tionghoa: 山东; Hanzi tradisional: 山東; pinyin: Shāndōng; Wade-Giles: tentang ini suara Shan1 tung1 (help·info)), adalah sebuah provinsi pesisir Republik Rakyat Cina, dan merupakan bagian dari wilayah Cina Timur.Shandong telah memainkan peran utama dalam sejarah Cina dari awal Cina peradaban sepanjang Hilir Sungai Kuning dan menjabat sebagai situs budaya dan agama yang penting untuk Konfusianisme, Buddhisme dan Taoisme. Shandong di gunung Tai adalah gunung paling dihormati Taoisme dan salah satu situs di dunia dengan sejarah terpanjang ibadat keagamaan yang terus-menerus. Kuil-kuil Buddha di pegunungan di Selatan ibukota Provinsi Jinan dulunya antara situs-situs Buddha yang terkemuka di Cina. Kota Qufu adalah tempat kelahiran Konfusius, dan kemudian didirikan sebagai pusat Konfusianisme. Shandong di lokasi di persimpangan kuno serta modern Utara-Selatan dan Timur-Barat rute perdagangan telah membantu untuk membangun sebagai pusat ekonomi. Setelah periode ketidakstabilan politik dan kesulitan ekonomi yang dimulai pada akhir abad 19, Shandong telah muncul sebagai salah satu paling padat penduduknya (95,793,065 jiwa pada sensus 2010) dan propinsi yang paling kaya di Republik Rakyat Cina (PDB dari CN ¥ 5.468 triliun pada tahun 2013, atau USD892 miliar, Provinsi ketiga terkaya Cina).Isi 1 nama 2 lokasi 3 Sejarah 4 geografi 4.1 geologi 5 politik 6 kerjasama desentralisasi 6.1 industri anggur 6.2 zona pengembangan ekonomi dan teknologi 7 demografi Pembagian administratif 8 9 budaya 10 transportasi 11 Pariwisata 12 pendidikan 12.1 perguruan tinggi dan Universitas 12.2 SMA 13 olahraga 14 Pranala luar 15 referensi 15.1 catatan 15,2 sumber-sumber 16 Pranala luarNamaSecara individual, Cina dua karakter dalam nama "Shandong" berarti "Gunung" (山) dan "Timur" (东). Shandong bisa maka diterjemahkan secara harfiah sebagai "Timur pegunungan" dan merujuk kepada lokasi Provinsi Timur pegunungan Taihang.[5] panggilan Shandong adalah Qílǔ (bahasa Tionghoa: 齐鲁; Hanzi tradisional: 齊魯), setelah Serikat Qi dan Lu yang ada di daerah selama periode musim gugur dan musim semi. Sedangkan State Qi kekuatan besar zaman, negara Lu hanya mendapatkan peran kecil dalam politik waktu. Lu, bagaimanapun, menjadi terkenal karena rumah Konfusius dan karenanya pengaruh budaya yang datang ke gerhana bahwa dari negara Qi. Dominasi budaya warisan negara Lu tercermin dalam singkatan resmi Shandong iaitu "鲁" (Cina: 魯; pinyin: Lǔ).[rujukan?] Penutur bahasa Inggris di abad ke-19 yang disebut provinsi, Shan tung.[6]LokasiProvinsi ini terletak di tepi timur dataran Cina Utara dan di hilir sungai kuning (Huang He) dan memanjang keluar ke laut dalam bentuk Semenanjung Shandong. Shandong berbatasan dengan Bohai Laut Utara, Hebei di barat laut, Henan di Barat, Jiangsu di Selatan, dan laut kuning di Tenggara; itu juga berbagi perbatasan sangat pendek dengan Anhui, antara Henan dan Jiangsu.SejarahMonumen era lagu legendaris asli Shandong, Kaisar kuning, di nya seharusnya tempat kelahiranDengan lokasinya di tepi timur dataran Cina Utara, Shandong telah merasakan pengaruh peradaban Cina sejak terasing. Dinasti awal (Dinasti Shang dan Dinasti Zhou) diberikan berbagai tingkat kontrol atas Shandong Barat, sementara Shandong Timur dihuni oleh bangsa Laiyi yang dianggap sebagai "barbar". Selama berabad-abad berikutnya, Laiyi itu akhirnya sinicized.Selama musim semi dan musim gugur periode dan periode negara berperang, negara-negara regional menjadi semakin kuat. Saat ini, Shandong adalah rumah bagi dua negara kuat: negara Qi di Tagged dan negara Lu di Qufu. Lu dicatat untuk menjadi rumah Konfusius. Negara adalah, namun, relatif kecil, dan akhirnya menyerah kepada negara Chu kuat dari Selatan. Keadaan Qi itu, di sisi lain, kekuatan besar sepanjang periode ini seluruh. Kota-kota itu diperintah termasuk Tagged, Jimo (Utara modern Qingdao) dan Ju.Dinasti Qin hancur Qi dan mendirikan negara Cina pertama yang terpusat pada 221 SM. Dinasti Han yang diikuti dibuat dua zhou ("Propinsi") yang sekarang modern Shandong: Qingzhou Provinsi (青州) di utara dan Provinsi Yanzhou (兗州) di Selatan. Selama Divisi tiga kerajaan Shandong milik kerajaan Wei, yang memerintah Cina Utara.Setelah periode tiga kerajaan, periode singkat bersatu di bawah Dinasti Jin Western memberi jalan untuk invasi oleh bangsa nomaden dari Utara. Cina Utara, Shandong, termasuk diserbu. Selama abad Shandong berpindah tangan beberapa kali, jatuh ke Zhao, maka mantan Yan, maka mantan Qin, maka kemudian Yan, kemudian Selatan Yan, kemudian Dinasti Song Liu, dan akhirnya Dinasti Wei Utara, yang pertama dari Dinasti Utara selama periode Dinasti Selatan dan Utara. Shandong tinggal dengan Dinasti Utara selama periode ini.Di 412 CE, biarawan Buddha Cina Faxian mendarat di Laoshan, di pinggir selatan Semenanjung Shandong, dan melanjutkan ke Qingzhou untuk mengedit dan menerjemahkan kitab-kitab yang dia telah dibawa kembali dari India.Dinasti Sui dibangun kembali kesatuan 589, dan Dinasti Tang (618-907) memimpin masa keemasan berikutnya Cina. Untuk bagian awal dari periode ini Shandong memerintah sebagai bagian dari sirkuit Henan, salah satu sirkuit (sebuah divisi politik). Kemudian Cina pecah menjadi panglima perang faksi, mengakibatkan periode lima Dinasti dan sepuluh negara. Shandong adalah bagian dari Dinasti lima, Semua berbasis di Utara.Dinasti Song disatukan Cina di akhir abad kesepuluh. Pada tahun 1996, penemuan lebih dari dua ratus patung-patung Buddha terkubur di Qingzhou dielu-elukan sebagai menemukan candi utama. Patung-patung termasuk contoh-contoh awal dari angka yang dicat, dan diperkirakan telah dikuburkan Huizong Kaisar Dinasti Song tekanan Buddha (ia disukai Taoisme).Dinasti Song dipaksa untuk menyerahkan Cina Utara untuk para Jurchen dinasti Jin pada 1142. Shandong diberikan oleh dinasti Jin sebagai Shandong Timur sirkuit dan Shandong Barat sirkuit-penggunaan pertama dari namanya.Provinsi Shandong modern diciptakan oleh Dinasti Ming. Ini juga termasuk banyak dari hari modern Liaoning (di Selatan Manchuria) pada waktu. Namun, Manchu semakin menegaskan kemerdekaan, dan berhasil menaklukkan seluruh Cina pada tahun 1644. Di bawah Dinasti Qing, yang mereka didirikan, Shandong diperoleh (lebih atau kurang) perbatasannya saat ini.Dezhou, Shandong.Selama abad kesembilan belas, Cina menjadi semakin terkena pengaruh Barat, dan Shandong, Provinsi pesisir, terutama dipengaruhi. Qingdao disewakan ke Jerman pada tahun 1897 dan Weihai ke Britania pada tahun 1898. Sisa Shandong umumnya dianggap menjadi bagian dari lingkup pengaruh Jerman. Selain itu, Dinasti Qing dibuka Manchuria untuk imigrasi Han Cina selama abad ke-19; Shandong adalah sumber utama dari gelombang berikutnya migran.Shandong adalah salah satu tempat pertama di mana pemberontakan Boxer mulai dan menjadi salah satu pusat pemberontakan. Tahun 1899, Dinasti Qing umum Yuan Shikai diangkat sebagai Gubernur Provinsi untuk menekan pemberontakan. Ia memegang jabatan selama 3 tahun.Akibat perang dunia pertama, Jerman kehilangan Qingdao dan dalam lingkup pengaruh Shandong. Perjanjian Versailles ditransfer konsesi Jerman di Shandong ke Jepang bukan mengembalikan Cina kedaulatan atas wilayah tersebut. Populer ketidakpuasan dengan hasil ini Perjanjian Versailles (Shandong masalah) menyebabkan gerakan keempat mungkin. Akhirnya, Shandong dikembalikan untuk mengontrol Cina pada tahun 1922 setelah mediasi oleh Amerika Serikat selama konferensi Angkatan Laut Washington. Weihai diikuti pada tahun 1930.Kembali kontrol atas Shandong jatuh ke era panglima perang Republik Cina. Shandong diserahkan kepada clique Zhili dari panglima perang, tetapi setelah Perang Zhili-Fengtian kedua yang kedua tahun 1924, clique berbasis Manchuria Fengtian mengambil alih. Pada April tahun 1925, Fengtian clique diinstal panglima perang Zhang Zongchang, dijuluki "Dogmeat General", sebagai gubernur militer Provinsi Shandong. Waktu menjulukinya Cina "paling mendasar Panglima".[7] Ia memerintah Provinsi sampai tahun 1928, ketika dia digulingkan dalam bangun dari Ekspedisi Utara. Ia digantikan oleh Han Fuj