Impairment evaluation process fair value optionDerecognition of receiv terjemahan - Impairment evaluation process fair value optionDerecognition of receiv Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Impairment evaluation process fair

Impairment evaluation process fair value option
Derecognition of receivables
Receivables are also financial assets they are also a financial instrument. Receivables (often referred to as loans and receivables) are claims held against customers and other for money, goods, or services
Uncollectible accounts reveivable
Unfortunately, this situation often does not occur. For example, a customer may not be able to pay because of a decline in its sales revenue due to a downturn in the economy. Similarly, individuals may be laid off from their jobs or faced with unexpected hospital bills. Companies record credit losses as debits to bad debt expense ( or uncollectible accounts expense). Such losses are a normal and necessary risk of doing business on a credit basis. Two metohds are used in accouting for uncollectible accounts : 1 the direct write off method and 2 the allowance method.
the direct write off method for uncollectible accounts
under the direct write off method, when a company determines a particular account to be uncollectible, it charges the loss to bad debt expense. Assume, for example, that on December 10 Cruz co. writes off as uncollectible yusado’s 8000 balance.
Allowance method for uncollectible accounts
The allowance method of accounting for bad debts involves estimating uncollectible accounts at the end of each period. This provides a better measure of income. It also ensures that companies state receivables on the statement of financial position at their cash realizable value
Ifrs requires the allowance method for financial reporting purposes when bad debts are material in amount. This method has three essential features :
1. Companies estimate uncollectible accounts receivable. They record this estimated expense in the same accounting period in which they record the revenue
2. Companies debit estimated uncollectibles to bad debt expense and credit them to allowance for doubtful accounts ( a contra asset account) through an adjusting entry at the end of each period
3. When companies write off a specific account, they debit actual uncollectibles to allowance for doubtful accounts and credit that amount to accounts receivables
Recording estimated uncollectibles
Recording the write off of an uncollectible account
Recovery of an uncollectible account
Bases used for allowance method
Two bases are used to determine this amount, 1 percentage of sales and percentage of receivable
Percentage of sales (income statement) approach. In the percentage of sales approach, management estimates what percentage of credit sales will be uncollectible. This percentage is based on past experience and anticipated credit policy
Percentage of receivables ( statement of financial position) approach. Using past experience, a company can estimate the percentage of its outstanding receivables that will become uncollectible, without identifying specific accounts.
Recognition of notes receivable
Companies generally record short term notes at face value (less allowances), ignoring the interest implicit in the maturity value. A general rule is that notes treated as cash equivalents (maturities of three months or less and easily converted to cash) are not subject to premium or discount amortization due to materiality considerations)
Valuation of notes receivable
The computations and estimations involved in valuing short term notes receivable and in recording bad debt expense and the related allowance exactly parallel that for trade accounts receivable. As a result, companies often use one of the collective assessment methods (percentage of sales or percentage of receivables) to measure possible impairments
Long term receivables, however, often involve additional estimation problems. For example the value of a note receivable may change over time as a discount or premium is amortized. In addition, because these receivables are outstanding for a number of periods, significant differences between fair value and amortized cost often result. In the case of long term notes receivable, impairment tests are often done on an individual assessment basis rather than on a collective assessment basis. In this situation, impairment losses are measured as the difference between the carrying value of the receivable and the present value of the estimate future cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate
Fair value option
Fair value measurement
If companies choose the fair value option, receivables are recorded at fair value, with unrealized holding gains or losses reported as part of net income. An unrealized holding gain or loss is the net change in the fair value of the receivable from one period to another, exclusive of interest revenue recognized but not recorded. As a result, the company reports the receivable at fair value each reporting date. In addition, it reports the change in value as part of net income
Companies may elect to use the fair value option at the time the receivable is originally recognized or when some event triggers a new basis of accounting. If a company elects the fair value option for a receivable, it must continue to use fair value measurement for that receivable until the company no longer owns this receivables. If the company does not elect the fair value option for a given receivable at the date of recognition, it may not use this option on that specific receivable in subsequent periods
Recording fair value option
Derecognition of receivables
Tranfers of receivables
The transfer of receivables to a third party for cash happens in one of two ways
1 secured borrowing
2 sales of receivables
Sale without guarantee
When buying receivables, the purchaser generally assumes the risk of collectibilty and absorbs any credit losses. A sale of this type is often referred to as a sale without guarantee (without recourse) against credit loss. The transfer of receivables in this case is an outright sale of the receivables both in form and substance. As in any sale of assets, the seller debits cash for the proceeds and credits accounts receivable for the face value of the receivables. The seller recognizes the difference, reduced by any provision for probable adjustments (discount, returns, allowances, etc) as a loss on sale receivables. The seller uses a due from factor account to account for the proceeds retained by the factor to cover probable sales discounts, sales returns, and sales allowances
Sale with guarantee
To illustrate a sale of receivables with guarantee against credit loss, assume that crest textiles issues a guarantee to commercial factors to compensate commercial factors for any credit losses on receivables transferred. In this situation, the question is whether the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to commercial factors or remain with with crest textile. Im other words, is it to be accounted for as a saleor a borrowing
In this case, given that there is a guarantee for all defaults, it appears that the risks and rewards of these receivables still remain with crest textiles. As a result, the transfer is considered a borrowing sometimes referred to as a failed sale. Crest textiles continues to recognize the receivable on its books, and the transaction is treated as a borrowing.
The general rules in classifying receivables are
1. Segregate and report the carrying amounts of the different categories of receivables
2. Indicate the receivables classified as current and non current in the statement of financial position
3. Appropriately offset the valuation accounts for receivables that are impaired , including a discussion of individual and collectively determined impairments
4. Disclose the fair value of receivables in such a way that permits it to be compared with its carrying amount
5. Disclose information to assess the credit risk inherent in the receivables by providing information on :
a. Receivables that are neither past due nor impaired
b. The carrying amount of receivables that would otherwise be past due or impaired, whose terms have been renegotiated
c. For receivables that are either past due or impaired, disclose an analysis of the age of the receivables that are past due as of the end of the reporting period
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Impairment evaluation process fair value optionDerecognition of receivablesReceivables are also financial assets they are also a financial instrument. Receivables (often referred to as loans and receivables) are claims held against customers and other for money, goods, or servicesUncollectible accounts reveivableUnfortunately, this situation often does not occur. For example, a customer may not be able to pay because of a decline in its sales revenue due to a downturn in the economy. Similarly, individuals may be laid off from their jobs or faced with unexpected hospital bills. Companies record credit losses as debits to bad debt expense ( or uncollectible accounts expense). Such losses are a normal and necessary risk of doing business on a credit basis. Two metohds are used in accouting for uncollectible accounts : 1 the direct write off method and 2 the allowance method.the direct write off method for uncollectible accountsunder the direct write off method, when a company determines a particular account to be uncollectible, it charges the loss to bad debt expense. Assume, for example, that on December 10 Cruz co. writes off as uncollectible yusado’s 8000 balance.Allowance method for uncollectible accountsThe allowance method of accounting for bad debts involves estimating uncollectible accounts at the end of each period. This provides a better measure of income. It also ensures that companies state receivables on the statement of financial position at their cash realizable valueIfrs requires the allowance method for financial reporting purposes when bad debts are material in amount. This method has three essential features :1. Companies estimate uncollectible accounts receivable. They record this estimated expense in the same accounting period in which they record the revenue2. Companies debit estimated uncollectibles to bad debt expense and credit them to allowance for doubtful accounts ( a contra asset account) through an adjusting entry at the end of each period3. When companies write off a specific account, they debit actual uncollectibles to allowance for doubtful accounts and credit that amount to accounts receivablesRecording estimated uncollectiblesRecording the write off of an uncollectible accountRecovery of an uncollectible accountBases used for allowance methodTwo bases are used to determine this amount, 1 percentage of sales and percentage of receivablePercentage of sales (income statement) approach. In the percentage of sales approach, management estimates what percentage of credit sales will be uncollectible. This percentage is based on past experience and anticipated credit policyPercentage of receivables ( statement of financial position) approach. Using past experience, a company can estimate the percentage of its outstanding receivables that will become uncollectible, without identifying specific accounts.Recognition of notes receivableCompanies generally record short term notes at face value (less allowances), ignoring the interest implicit in the maturity value. A general rule is that notes treated as cash equivalents (maturities of three months or less and easily converted to cash) are not subject to premium or discount amortization due to materiality considerations)Valuation of notes receivableThe computations and estimations involved in valuing short term notes receivable and in recording bad debt expense and the related allowance exactly parallel that for trade accounts receivable. As a result, companies often use one of the collective assessment methods (percentage of sales or percentage of receivables) to measure possible impairmentsLong term receivables, however, often involve additional estimation problems. For example the value of a note receivable may change over time as a discount or premium is amortized. In addition, because these receivables are outstanding for a number of periods, significant differences between fair value and amortized cost often result. In the case of long term notes receivable, impairment tests are often done on an individual assessment basis rather than on a collective assessment basis. In this situation, impairment losses are measured as the difference between the carrying value of the receivable and the present value of the estimate future cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rateFair value optionFair value measurementIf companies choose the fair value option, receivables are recorded at fair value, with unrealized holding gains or losses reported as part of net income. An unrealized holding gain or loss is the net change in the fair value of the receivable from one period to another, exclusive of interest revenue recognized but not recorded. As a result, the company reports the receivable at fair value each reporting date. In addition, it reports the change in value as part of net incomeCompanies may elect to use the fair value option at the time the receivable is originally recognized or when some event triggers a new basis of accounting. If a company elects the fair value option for a receivable, it must continue to use fair value measurement for that receivable until the company no longer owns this receivables. If the company does not elect the fair value option for a given receivable at the date of recognition, it may not use this option on that specific receivable in subsequent periodsRecording fair value optionDerecognition of receivablesTranfers of receivablesThe transfer of receivables to a third party for cash happens in one of two ways 1 secured borrowing 2 sales of receivablesSale without guaranteeWhen buying receivables, the purchaser generally assumes the risk of collectibilty and absorbs any credit losses. A sale of this type is often referred to as a sale without guarantee (without recourse) against credit loss. The transfer of receivables in this case is an outright sale of the receivables both in form and substance. As in any sale of assets, the seller debits cash for the proceeds and credits accounts receivable for the face value of the receivables. The seller recognizes the difference, reduced by any provision for probable adjustments (discount, returns, allowances, etc) as a loss on sale receivables. The seller uses a due from factor account to account for the proceeds retained by the factor to cover probable sales discounts, sales returns, and sales allowancesSale with guaranteeTo illustrate a sale of receivables with guarantee against credit loss, assume that crest textiles issues a guarantee to commercial factors to compensate commercial factors for any credit losses on receivables transferred. In this situation, the question is whether the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to commercial factors or remain with with crest textile. Im other words, is it to be accounted for as a saleor a borrowingIn this case, given that there is a guarantee for all defaults, it appears that the risks and rewards of these receivables still remain with crest textiles. As a result, the transfer is considered a borrowing sometimes referred to as a failed sale. Crest textiles continues to recognize the receivable on its books, and the transaction is treated as a borrowing.The general rules in classifying receivables are
1. Segregate and report the carrying amounts of the different categories of receivables
2. Indicate the receivables classified as current and non current in the statement of financial position
3. Appropriately offset the valuation accounts for receivables that are impaired , including a discussion of individual and collectively determined impairments
4. Disclose the fair value of receivables in such a way that permits it to be compared with its carrying amount
5. Disclose information to assess the credit risk inherent in the receivables by providing information on :
a. Receivables that are neither past due nor impaired
b. The carrying amount of receivables that would otherwise be past due or impaired, whose terms have been renegotiated
c. For receivables that are either past due or impaired, disclose an analysis of the age of the receivables that are past due as of the end of the reporting period
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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Proses evaluasi penurunan nilai wajar opsi
Penghentian pengakuan piutang
Piutang juga aset keuangan mereka juga merupakan instrumen keuangan. Piutang (sering disebut sebagai pinjaman dan piutang) adalah klaim diadakan terhadap pelanggan dan lainnya untuk uang, barang, atau jasa
rekening Tak Tertagih reveivable
Sayangnya, situasi ini sering tidak terjadi. Sebagai contoh, pelanggan mungkin tidak mampu membayar karena penurunan pendapatan penjualan karena penurunan ekonomi. Demikian pula, individu dapat diberhentikan dari pekerjaan mereka atau menghadapi tagihan rumah sakit tak terduga. Perusahaan kerugian kredit rekor sebagai debit beban utang buruk (atau beban rekening tertagih). Kerugian tersebut adalah risiko yang normal dan diperlukan dalam melakukan bisnis secara kredit. Dua metohds digunakan dalam Accouting penghapusan aset. 1 langsung menulis dari metode dan 2 metode penyisihan
langsung menulis dari metode penghapusan aset
di bawah langsung menulis dari metode, ketika sebuah perusahaan menentukan rekening tertentu tidak dapat tertagih, itu biaya hilangnya beban utang buruk. Asumsikan, misalnya, bahwa pada 10 Desember Cruz co. menulis off sebagai tak tertagih yusado ini 8000 keseimbangan.
Metode Penyisihan penghapusan aset
Metode penyisihan akuntansi untuk kredit macet melibatkan memperkirakan tidak tertagihnya piutang pada akhir setiap periode. Ini memberikan ukuran yang lebih baik dari pendapatan. Ini juga menjamin bahwa piutang perusahaan negara pada laporan posisi keuangan pada nilai tunainya realisasi
IFRS memerlukan metode penyisihan untuk tujuan pelaporan keuangan ketika kredit macet yang material dalam jumlah. Metode ini memiliki tiga fitur penting:
1. Perusahaan memperkirakan tidak tertagihnya piutang. Mereka mencatat taksiran beban ini dalam periode akuntansi yang sama di mana mereka mencatat pendapatan
2. Perusahaan mendebet estimasi piutang tak tertagih untuk beban utang buruk dan kredit mereka untuk penyisihan piutang tak tertagih (akun kontra aset) melalui jurnal penyesuaian pada akhir setiap periode
3. Ketika perusahaan menulis dari account tertentu, mereka debit piutang tak tertagih yang sebenarnya untuk penyisihan piutang tak tertagih dan kredit yang jumlah ke rekening piutang
Recording diperkirakan piutang tak tertagih
Merekam write off dari akun tertagihnya
Pemulihan akun tidak tertagihnya
Basa digunakan untuk metode penyisihan
Dua basis yang digunakan untuk menentukan jumlah ini, 1 persentase penjualan dan persentase piutang
Persentase penjualan (laporan laba rugi) pendekatan. Dalam persentase pendekatan penjualan, manajemen memperkirakan berapa persen dari penjualan kredit akan tertagih. Persentase ini didasarkan pada pengalaman masa lalu dan diantisipasi kebijakan kredit
Persentase piutang (laporan posisi keuangan) pendekatan. Menggunakan pengalaman masa lalu, sebuah perusahaan dapat memperkirakan persentase piutang yang luar biasa yang akan menjadi tertagih, tanpa mengidentifikasi rekening tertentu.
Pengakuan wesel tagih
perusahaan umumnya merekam catatan jangka pendek pada nilai nominal (tunjangan kurang), mengabaikan bunga implisit dalam nilai jatuh tempo . Sebuah aturan umum adalah bahwa catatan diperlakukan sebagai setara kas (jangka waktu tiga bulan atau kurang dan mudah dikonversi menjadi kas) tidak dikenakan premi atau diskon amortisasi karena materialitas pertimbangan)
Penilaian dari wesel tagih
Perhitungan dan estimasi terlibat dalam menilai catatan jangka pendek piutang dan pencatatan beban utang buruk dan tunjangan terkait persis paralel yang untuk piutang usaha. Akibatnya, perusahaan sering menggunakan salah satu metode penilaian kolektif (persentase penjualan atau persentase piutang) untuk mengukur kemungkinan gangguan
piutang jangka panjang, bagaimanapun, sering melibatkan masalah estimasi tambahan. Misalnya nilai piutang catatan dapat berubah dari waktu ke waktu sebagai diskonto atau premium diamortisasi. Selain itu, karena piutang tersebut beredar untuk beberapa periode, perbedaan yang signifikan antara nilai wajar dan biaya diamortisasi sering terjadi. Dalam kasus catatan piutang jangka panjang, tes gangguan sering dilakukan secara penilaian individu daripada secara penilaian kolektif. Dalam situasi ini, kerugian penurunan nilai diukur sebagai selisih antara nilai tercatat piutang dan nilai sekarang dari estimasi arus kas masa depan yang didiskontokan pada suku bunga efektif awal
pilihan Nilai wajar
Pengukuran nilai wajar
Jika perusahaan memilih opsi nilai wajar, piutang dicatat pada nilai wajar, dengan keuntungan yang belum direalisasi atau rugi dilaporkan sebagai bagian dari laba bersih. Keuntungan yang belum direalisasi atau rugi adalah perubahan bersih nilai wajar dari piutang dari satu periode ke yang lain, eksklusif pendapatan bunga diakui tapi tidak tercatat. Akibatnya, perusahaan melaporkan piutang pada nilai wajar setiap tanggal pelaporan. Selain itu, laporan perubahan nilai sebagai bagian dari laba bersih
perusahaan dapat memilih untuk menggunakan opsi nilai wajar pada saat piutang tersebut awalnya diakui atau ketika beberapa acara memicu dasar baru akuntansi. Jika sebuah perusahaan memilih opsi nilai wajar untuk piutang, itu harus terus menggunakan pengukuran nilai wajar untuk piutang yang sampai perusahaan tidak lagi memiliki piutang ini. Jika perusahaan tidak memilih opsi nilai wajar untuk piutang yang diberikan pada tanggal pengakuan, mungkin tidak menggunakan opsi ini pada bahwa piutang tertentu dalam periode berikutnya
Rekaman adil pilihan nilai
Penghentian pengakuan piutang
Tranfers piutang
Pengalihan piutang untuk ketiga Partai uang tunai yang terjadi di salah satu dari dua cara
1 dijamin meminjam
2 penjualan piutang
Sale tanpa jaminan
Ketika membeli piutang, pembeli umumnya mengasumsikan risiko collectibilty dan menyerap kerugian kredit. Sebuah penjualan jenis ini sering disebut sebagai penjualan tanpa jaminan (without recourse) terhadap kerugian kredit. Pengalihan piutang dalam hal ini adalah penjualan langsung piutang baik dalam bentuk dan substansi. Seperti dalam setiap penjualan aset, debit penjual tunai untuk hasil dan kredit piutang untuk nilai nominal piutang. Penjual mengakui perbedaan, dikurangi dengan ketentuan untuk penyesuaian kemungkinan (diskon, retur, tunjangan, dll) sebagai kerugian piutang penjualan. Penjual menggunakan karena dari rekening faktor untuk memperhitungkan hasil disimpan oleh faktor untuk menutupi diskon kemungkinan penjualan, retur penjualan, dan tunjangan penjualan
Sale dengan jaminan
Untuk menggambarkan penjualan piutang dengan jaminan terhadap kerugian kredit, menganggap bahwa puncak tekstil menerbitkan jaminan faktor komersial untuk mengimbangi faktor komersial untuk setiap kerugian atas piutang dialihkan. Dalam situasi ini, pertanyaannya adalah apakah risiko dan manfaat kepemilikan ditransfer ke faktor komersial atau tetap dengan dengan puncak tekstil. Im kata lain, itu harus dicatat sebagai saleor sebuah sebuah pinjaman
Dalam hal ini, mengingat bahwa ada jaminan untuk semua default, tampak bahwa risiko dan manfaat dari piutang tersebut masih tetap dengan tekstil puncak. Akibatnya, transfer dianggap pinjaman yang kadang-kadang disebut sebagai penjualan gagal. Tekstil Crest terus mengenali piutang pada buku, serta transaksi tersebut diperlakukan sebagai pinjaman a.
Aturan umum dalam piutang mengklasifikasikan adalah
1. Memisahkan dan melaporkan jumlah tercatat berbagai kategori piutang
2. Menunjukkan piutang lancar lancar dan tidak dalam laporan posisi keuangan
3. Tepat mengimbangi account penilaian untuk piutang yang terganggu, termasuk diskusi tentang individu dan kolektif ditentukan gangguan
4. Mengungkapkan nilai wajar dari piutang sedemikian rupa yang memungkinkan untuk dibandingkan dengan nilai tercatatnya
5. Mengungkapkan informasi untuk menilai risiko kredit yang melekat pada piutang dengan memberikan informasi mengenai:
a. Piutang yang tidak jatuh tempo atau terganggu
b. Nilai tercatat piutang yang seharusnya dapat terakhir karena gangguan atau, yang istilah telah dinegosiasi ulang
c. Piutang yang baik terakhir karena atau mengalami penurunan nilai, mengungkapkan analisis umur piutang yang telah jatuh tempo pada akhir periode pelaporan
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