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Older, well-established small firms can be hit hard by a business recession mainlybecause they do not have the financial resources to weather an extended difficultperiod.Limited Potential Small businesses that survive do so with varying degrees of success.Many are simply the means of making a living for the owner and his or her family.The owner may have some technical skill—as a hair stylist or electrician, for example—and may have started a business to put this skill to work. Such a business is unlikelyto grow into big business. In addition, employees’ potential for advancement is limited.Limited Ability to Raise Capital Small businesses typically have a limited abilityto obtain capital. Figure 5.2 shows that most small-business financing comesout of the owner’s pocket. Personal loans from lending institutions provide onlyabout one-fourth of the capital required by small businesses. About 50 percent ofall new firms begin with less than $30,000 in total capital, according to CensusBureau and Federal Reserve surveys. In fact, almost 36 percent of new firms beginwith less than $20,000, usually provided by the owner or family members andfriends.13Although every person who considers starting a small business should be awareof the hazards and pitfalls we have noted, a well-conceived business plan may help toavoid the risk of failure. The U.S. government is also dedicated to helping small businessesmake it. It expresses this aim most actively through the SBA.The Importance of a Business PlanLack of planning can be as deadly as lack of money to a new small business. Planningis important to any business, large or small, and never should be overlooked or takenlightly. A business plan is a carefully constructed guide for the person starting abusiness. Consider it as a tool with three basic purposes: communication, management,Sources of Capital for EntrepreneursSmall businesses get financing from various sources; the mostimportant is personal savings.144and planning. As a communication tool, a business planserves as a concise document that potential investorscan examine to see if they would like to invest or assistin financing a new venture. It shows whether a businesshas the potential to make a profit. As a managementtool, the business plan helps to track, monitor, andevaluate the progress. The business plan is a livingdocument; it is modified as the entrepreneur gainsknowledge and experience. It also serves to establishtime lines and milestones and allows comparison ofgrowth projections against actual accomplishments. Finally,as a planning tool, the business plan guides a businesspersonthrough the various phases of business. For example, the planhelps to identify obstacles to avoid and to establish alternatives.According to Robert Krummer, Jr., chairman of First BusinessBank in Los Angeles, “The business plan is a necessity. If theperson who wants to start a small business can’t put a businessplan together, he or she is in trouble.”Components of a Business PlanTable 5.3 shows the 12 sections that a business plan shouldinclude. Each section is further explained at the end of eachof the seven major parts in the text. The goal of each endof-the-part exercise is to help a businessperson create his orher own business plan. When constructing a business plan, thebusinessperson should strive to keep it easy to read, uncluttered, and complete. Likeother busy executives, officials of financial institutions do not have the time to wadethrough pages of extraneous data. The business plan should answer the four questionsbanking officials and investors are most interested in: (1) What exactly is the nature145
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