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Model Nasional ASCAVisi NasionalModel Nasional ASCA menetapkan visi keunggulan untuk sekolah komprehensif konseling yang sejajar dengan standar tinggi dan harapan yang tinggi, terfokus pada keberhasilan untuk semua siswa dan responsif terhadap kebutuhan negara berkembang siswa di abad 21. Alaska sekolah konseling kerangka (ASCF) didasarkan pada ASCA model. Bagian ini menjelaskan fitur utama dari model yang diberitahu ASCF.Model ASCA Nasional: Sebuah kerangka untuk program konseling sekolah (2005) ditulis untuk mencerminkan pendekatan komprehensif untuk program foundation, pengiriman, pengelolaan dan akuntabilitas. Model ini menyediakan mekanisme dengan mana konselor sekolah dan penyuluhan tim akan desain, mengkoordinasikan, melaksanakan, mengelola dan mengevaluasi program mereka untuk keberhasilan siswa sekolah. Menyediakan kerangka kerja untuk komponen program, konselor sekolah peran dalam implementasi dan filosofi dasar kepemimpinan, advokasi dan perubahan sistemik. Konselor sekolah beralih penekanan mereka dari berpusat pada layanan untuk beberapa siswa berpusat pada program untuk setiap siswa. Itu tidak hanya menjawab pertanyaan, "Apa Apakah sekolah konselor lakukan?" tetapi memerlukan kita untuk menanggapi pertanyaan, "Bagaimana Apakah siswa berbeda sebagai akibat dari apa yang kita lakukan?" Tujuan ASCA's dalam mengembangkan model adalah untuk melembagakan dan kerangka proses pengembangan program penyuluhan sekolah.A school counseling program is comprehensive in scope, preventative in design anddevelopmental in nature. School counseling programs are designed to ensure that every student receives the program benefits. Historically, many school counselors spent much of their time responding to the needs of a small percentage of their students, typically the high achieving or high risk. The ASCA National Model: A Framework for School Counseling Programs recommends the majority of the school counselor's time be spent in direct service to all students so that every student receives maximum benefits from the program ( ASCA National Model, 2003)The ASCA National Model represents what a school counseling program should contain and serves as an organizational tool to identify and prioritize the elements of a quality school counseling program. It describes the program components and serves as a framework for developing and writing a school counseling program. The ASCA National Model guides districts and individual schools in designing, developing, implementing and evaluating a comprehensive, developmental and systematic school counseling program.The ASCA National Model: A Framework for School Counseling Programs keeps the development of the total student at the forefront of the education movement and forms the needed bridge between counseling and education. The ASCA National Model(Brigman & Campbell, 2003; Wastafel dan Stroh 2003; Lapan, Gysbers & Sun, 1997; Lapan, Gysbers & Petroski, 2001). Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa di sekolah dengan lebih lengkap dilaksanakan program komprehensif perkembangan bimbingan (CDG), siswa melaporkan mendapatkan nilai yang lebih tinggi, memiliki hubungan yang lebih baik dengan guru, dan perasaan kepuasan yang lebih besar dengan sekolah. Siswa juga melaporkan bahwa pendidikan relevan dengan kehidupan, sekolah aman, dan siswa SMA melaporkan bahwa informasi karir dan perguruan tinggi adalah dapat diakses. (McGannon, Carey, Dimmitt, 2005, hal 9) Penelitian lain menunjukkan bahwa program konseling mengurangi kecemasan dan depresi di kalangan anak-anak sekolah dan faktor positif dalam mempromosikan keterampilan sosial (Whiston & Sexton, 1998).Konselor sekolah berada dalam posisi unik untuk memeriksa data di sekolah dan mengidentifikasi kesenjangan yang ada dalam keberhasilan siswa. Konselor sekolah, menggunakan kepemimpinan dan keterampilan advokasi, mereka dapat langsung upaya mereka memastikan bahwa program dan sumber daya yang tepat di tempat untuk menawarkan setiap siswa kesetaraan akses untuk menantang kurikulum dan berbagai peluang pasca sekolah menengah (Framework untuk pengembangan karir K-12 di Rhode Island Public Schools, 2005).Karakteristik mendefinisikan Program yang komprehensifTabel berikut mengidentifikasi dan menjelaskan karakteristik mendefinisikan sebuah sekolah komprehensif konseling program berdasarkan Model Nasional ASCA.Characteristic DefinitionResults-based A results-‐based program “is designed to guarantee that all students acquire the competencies to become successful in school and to make a successful transition from school to higher education, to employment or to a combination of higher education and work.” (Johnson & Johnson, 2003, p. 181)Standards-based The standards address program content and the knowledge, attitudes, and skill competencies that all students will develop as a result of participating in a school counseling program. (Campbell & Dahir, 1997, p. 3)Data-driven The National Model is based on the Comprehensive Developmental Guidance program model, with an increased focus on both accountability and the use of data to make decisions and to increase student achievement ...With the advent of NCLB (2001), school counselors have to work much harder to show that the work they are doing is helping school systems to meet the mandates established by this legislation. School counselors are now responsible for demonstrating their accountability just as teachers and administrators are. (McGannon, Carey & Dimmitt, 2005, pp. 5, 9) The ASCA National ModelCharacteristic DefinitionDevelopmental Provides developmentally appropriate instruction and services in three domains: academic, career, and personal/social. “They are developmental in that guidance activities are conducted on a regular, planned, and systematic basis to assist students to achieve competencies. Although immediate and crisis needs of students are to be met, a major focus of a developmental program is to provide all students with experiences to help them grow and develop.” (Gysbers & Henderson, 2000, p. 26)Comprehensive Guidance programs are comprehensive in that a full range of activities and services, such as assessment, information, consultation, counseling, referral, placement, follow-up, and follow-through, are provided. (Gysbers & Henderson, 2000. p. 26)School Counseling Program An integrated system of counseling activities and services that are systematically provided to students.School counseling is a program with characteristics similar to other programs in education: “student competencies; activities and processes to assist students in achieving these competencies; professionally certified personnel; materials and resources; and program, personnel, and results evaluation.” (Gysbers & Henderson, 2000, p. 26)[Source: Rhode Island Framework for Comprehensive K-12 School Counseling Programs, 2005, p. 2]Four Essential ComponentsThe ASCA model is divided into four components, with critical sub-components to be implemented as part of comprehensive school counseling programs. The graphic below displays the components and sub-components, along with emphasizing four characteristics of the 21st century school counselor: a) advocacy, b) leadership, c) collaboration and d) systemic change (ASCA, 2005). The ASCA National Model is a primary source document for the K-12 school counseling profession. The ASCA National ModelUsing Standards to Improve Student SuccessEducation in Alaska’s public schools, with proficiency-based high school diploma system, is structured around standards that represent content knowledge and applied learning skills. These standards are defined clearly in grade level expectations (GLEs) for reading, writing, mathematics, and science. Other content areas have national and state standards, including Employability Standards for Alaskan students. Standards guide curriculum, instruction and assessment. Standards for a comprehensive school counseling program do the same.The National Standards for School Counseling Programs (ASCA, 1997) established goals, competencies, expectations, experiences and support systems for all students. The standards focus on what all students, from pre-kindergarten through grade twelve, should know, understand, and be able to do to enhance their individual development. They clarify the relationship of school counseling to the educational system, and address the contributions of school counseling to student success.The National Standards provide a framework for developing the content and writing of a school counseling program and are the foundation for the ASCA National Model (2003). The nine National Standards, three in each area of academic, career and personal/social development, are considered to be the essential foundation for the content for school counseling programs(Campbell & Dahir, 1997).Student competencies define the knowledge, attitudes, and skills students should obtain and demonstrate in academic, career, and personal/social success as a result of participating in a standards-based school counseling program. Since the purpose of the counseling program is to help students succeed in school and in life, it is important for school counselors to identify student competencies that support the goals of school improvement. Some school districts select specific student competencies from the ASCA national standards and competencies and align these with the district’s mission for education and with the academic learning standards. Competencies can also be developed from needs assessments, advisory committee discussions, school improvement team goals, teacher observations, and relevant school data, all of which are sources of information to decide what students need to know and be able to do (Framework for K-12 Career Development in Rhode Island Public Schools, 2005).Sekolah konseling program berpusat pada atribut positif anak-anak dan membantu dalam mengembangkan kekuatan mereka. Kompetensi diidentifikasi disusun perkembangannya dan secara berurutan dengan tingkat sekolah dan/atau tingkat kelas dan melayani sebagai urutan strategi dana
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