Manufacturing processes can be clas

Manufacturing processes can be classified in terms of the relationship of cost per unit to volume of output. The traditional perspective is to treat volume in terms of the well-established principle of economy of scale. The scale principle defines a relationship wherein the average cost of producing a product declines as its manufacturing volume increases; that is, a product quantity should be increased as long as a per unit increase in volume decreases the average cost per unit manufactured. Economy of scale results from efficiencies generated by specialization of process, workforce, fixed asset utiliza-tion, procurement economies, and limited need for process changeover.
Economy of scale is extremely important in manufacturing situations involving high fixed cost machinery to convert raw material into finished products. Typical ex-amples are found in the paper, steel, and refining industries. In fact, some petroleum processing firms have decoupled their refineries from their supply chain marketing structure and positioned them as independent external suppliers. The refineries are then able to sell in the open market to all potential buyers and fully exploit economy-of-scale advantage.
In volume-sensitive industries, high capital investment coupled with high cost of changeover tends to encourage extremely long production runs. In terms of logistical support, two considerations related to volume influence supply chain design. First, supply chain operations must accommodate the number of times a specific product is manufactured during a specific planning period. Such manufacturing frequency has a direct impact on both inbound and outbound logistical requirements. Second, the quantity or lot size typically produced during a specific manufacturing run determines the product volume that must be handled and warehoused in a supply chain structure.

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Proses manufaktur dapat digolongkan dalam hal hubungan antara biaya per unit untuk volume output. Perspektif tradisional adalah untuk mengobati volume dalam hal prinsip mapan skala ekonomi. Prinsip skala mendefinisikan hubungan dimana biaya rata-rata menghasilkan produk menurun sebagai manufaktur volume meningkat; itu adalah, kuantitas produk harus ditingkatkan selama per unit peningkatan volume menurun rata-rata biaya per unit yang diproduksi. Skala ekonomi yang hasil dari efisiensi yang dihasilkan oleh spesialisasi proses, tenaga kerja, tetap aset utiliza-tion, pengadaan ekonomi, dan perlu terbatas untuk proses changeover.Skala ekonomi sangat penting dalam pembuatan situasi yang melibatkan biaya tetap tinggi mesin untuk mengubah bahan baku menjadi produk jadi. Ex-memanfaatkan contoh yang khas ditemukan di kertas, baja, dan industri penyulingan. Pada kenyataannya, beberapa perusahaan pengolahan minyak telah dipisahkan kilang mereka dari rantai pasokan mereka pemasaran struktur dan memposisikan mereka sebagai pemasok eksternal independen. Kilang kemudian dapat menjual di pasar terbuka untuk semua pembeli potensial dan sepenuhnya memanfaatkan keuntungan ekonomi dari skala.In volume-sensitive industries, high capital investment coupled with high cost of changeover tends to encourage extremely long production runs. In terms of logistical support, two considerations related to volume influence supply chain design. First, supply chain operations must accommodate the number of times a specific product is manufactured during a specific planning period. Such manufacturing frequency has a direct impact on both inbound and outbound logistical requirements. Second, the quantity or lot size typically produced during a specific manufacturing run determines the product volume that must be handled and warehoused in a supply chain structure.