Right, and Anthony Wedgwood Benn, better known as Tony Benn, the leftw terjemahan - Right, and Anthony Wedgwood Benn, better known as Tony Benn, the leftw Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Right, and Anthony Wedgwood Benn, b

Right, and Anthony Wedgwood Benn, better known as Tony Benn, the leftwing bogeyman of British politics in the 1980s. Together, these two
presented a series of party political broadcasts which, like the Tories’ 1970
ads discussed earlier, used already familiar conventions of British television
to connote authority to their audience. In the manner of broadcast current
affairs presenters, they introduced the issues, Labour’s policies, and criticisms
of the Tories, in a style widely viewed at the time as highly effective.
Benn’s role in this campaign was particularly ironic because it was the
British left – of which he subsequently became the leading figure – which
after 1959 came to view the conscious application of professional marketing
techniques to the political process as a kind of betrayal. As Johnson and
Elebash put it, Labour – with the singular exception of 1959 – approached
campaigning as if it believed that ‘amateurism equalled sincerity in politics’
(1986, p. 299). The party ‘distrusted advertising as a capitalist business’.
Among the Left in general, argues Kathy Myers, advertising was seen as ‘part
of capitalism’s self-justification system, its ideology’ (1986, p. 85), and thus
rejected as a vote-winning device.
In this sense the British Left was subscribing to the normative ideal of
liberal democratic political discourse. Political persuasion, the Labour Left
believed, should be based on objective information and rational debate,
rather than on manipulation and hard sell. To pursue the latter was to
devalue the political process and patronise the people, who could be relied
upon to distinguish right from wrong if given the opportunity to do so by
their political parties. The pursuit of this ideal and the consequent wholesale
rejection of professional, persuasive communication methods deprived
Labour and the Left in general, throughout the 1960s, 1970s and into the
1980s, of an important weapon with which to combat the Conservative
opposition. The pragmatic, and entirely rational goal of achieving political
power was sacrificed in the cause of a romanticised ideological purity of
discourse which television was rapidly making redundant.
As late as 1983, in the midst of another disastrous general election
campaign, the party’s then general secretary Jim Mortimer stated defiantly:
‘I can assure you that the Labour Party will never follow such a line of
COMMUNICATING POLITICS
108
Figure 6.5Labour’s poster campaign, 2005.
presentation in politics [i.e. the use of professional advertising], for very
serious reasons: the welfare of human beings, the care of people and the fact
that we want to overcome unemployment. These are the real tasks before us,
not presenting people as if they were breakfast food or baked beans’ (quoted
in Myers, 1986, p. 122).
An illustration of the British Left’s deep-rooted unease with the concept
of advertising – even if one was advertising a ‘good thing’ – was the launch
in 1987 of the left-of-centre Sunday tabloid, News on Sunday. Following the
results of expensive market research conducted by Research Surveys of Great
Britain – at a cost of £1.5 million ‘the most comprehensive research ever
carried out for a new paper’ (Chippindale and Horrie, 1988, p. 99) – plans
were made to produce a paper with a potential market (according to the
research) of three million people. A collective was formed to manage the new
paper, and a £1.3 million advertising budget raised from various sponsors
and investors in the Labour movement, local government and the business
community. The advertising agency Barth, Bogle and Hegarty used this
money to design a humorous, irreverent campaign which exploited such
positives as News on Sunday’s lack of page three girls and its antiestablishment editorial line. As Chippindale and Horrie put it, ‘the overall
brief [as the advertisers understood it] was quite simple. News on Sunday
was to be a popular newspaper. Therefore the advertising had to get as many
people as possible to sample the product’ (ibid., p. 99).
In doing so, however, Barth, Bogle and Hegarty overstepped the line
between sending up sexism, racism, etc. and seeming to pander to it. This
at least was how the management of News on Sundaysaw it. The result,
as Chippindale and Horrie describe it, was a tragic failure of marketing and promotion, leading ultimately to the closure of the paper and the
loss of several million pounds. In rejecting the professionals’ advice the
management of News on Sundaywere following a long tradition amongst
the Left which viewed the use of commercial advertising as, at best, an
evil to be reluctantly and grudgingly endorsed only when absolutely
necessary and, at worst, ‘supping with the devil’ of capitalist propaganda
techniques.
Equally illustrative of this attitude was the Labour Party’s experience
with the agency of Wright and Partners in 1983. Having been convinced
that some concessions to professional marketing were essential if Labour
was to compete electorally with the Tories, the party hired Wright and
Partners to run its 1983 campaign. Having done so, it refused to let agency
representatives sit in on strategy meetings, and party leaders generally kept
their distance from the professional communicators. As Johnson and
Elebash put it, ‘an intolerable client/agency relationship developed’ (1986,
p. 302). The 1983 campaign – which ended with the Labour Party’s lowest
popular vote since the 1930s – comprised a series of ads on the traditional
social democratic themes of unemployment, the National Health Service
ADVERTISING
109
and homelessness. Aesthetically, they were unsuccessful, being described by
one author as ‘dark, depressing montages’ (Myers, 1986, p. 122).
On a television discussion of political advertising produced in 1989,
presenter Michael Ignatieff and then Labour Director of Communications
Peter Mandelson looked back at the amateurishness and clumsiness of the
campaign with barely suppressed disbelief and mockery.
9
But the party
leadership’s approach to the agency and the management of its own campaign (see next chapter) were equally lacking in skill.
The transformation in the Labour Party’s approach to advertising, which
by the 1987 election saw them being widely praised for having the best
campaign, was provoked first and most obviously by the uniquely poor
result of the 1983 election. The party in Parliament was reduced to 209 MPs,
with even that number reflecting a significant over-representation of its voting
performance, thanks to the British first-past-the-post electoral system.
There can be little doubt that after the 1983 election Labour was facing
the loss of its post-war status as the junior partner in a two-party system,
and along with it any realistic hope of access to government. Clearly,
something had to be done to halt the decline. A change in approach was
further encouraged by the experience of the Labour-controlled Greater
London Council in its struggle with the Thatcher government.
In 1983 the abolition of the GLC was announced by a government
which detested the thought of this nest of ‘Reds under the beds’ running
the capital city. Led by Ken Livingstone, the GLC was unmistakably ‘hard
Left’, promoting and implementing a wide range of progressive, socialistinspired programmes, such as cheap fares on public transport, anti-sexism
and anti-racism in schools, and public services for gay, ethnic and other
minorities.10
While in these terms ‘Left’, the GLC administration differed
from the traditionalists in the Labour Party in understanding the role
which advertising could play in their campaign against abolition.
London was essentially a Conservative heartland, and the GLC the
archetypal ‘loony Left’. Livingstone and his colleagues appreciated that the
battle with the government could not be won by the Left’s preferred tactics
of public demonstrations and rallies. Consequently, the GLC hired the
agency Boas, Massimi and Pollitt (BMP), who had worked for unions and
local governments but were primarily a commercial organisation. For BMP,
in the words of its accounts director Peter Herd, ‘developing advertising in
a political context is just the same as developing it in a commercial context.
You find out what it is you can reasonably achieve, who you will have to
persuade in order to do that, and then research to find out what is most likely
to affect them. That is the process we went through with the GLC, as we
would with Cadbury’s, Courage or the Guardian[all of whom BMP had
worked for]. It’s the same process’ (quoted in Myers, 1986, p. 111).
BMP’s market research established that Londoners were not especially
concerned with the survival of the GLC as an institution in itself, but were
COMMUNICATING POLITICS
110
concerned about losing their right to vote for local government, which was
one obvious consequence of the GLC’s abolition. In the light of their
findings, and to maximise support amongst predominantly pro-Tory voters
for an organisation run by the Labour Left, BMP developed a dual strategy
of, first, informing Londoners about the basic public service (and largely
apolitical) activities of the GLC, such as running a cheap and efficient mass
transport network. Second, they sought to combat the Tory government’s
(and its supporters in the press) demonisation of the GLC and Ken
Livingstone in particular. The resulting advertisements were of two basic
types: those dealing with the issue of the GLC were in black and white,
connoting ‘seriousness’; those tackling the demonisation of the Left were
humorous and mocking of the government.
Although the GLC campaign was unable to prevent the powerful Tory
government from proceeding with its abolition legislation, opinion polls
indicated that, by its end, a majority of Londoners – including those who
would declare themselves to be Conservative voters – favoured the continuation of the GLC and opposed government policy o
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Right, and Anthony Wedgwood Benn, better known as Tony Benn, the leftwing bogeyman of British politics in the 1980s. Together, these twopresented a series of party political broadcasts which, like the Tories’ 1970ads discussed earlier, used already familiar conventions of British televisionto connote authority to their audience. In the manner of broadcast currentaffairs presenters, they introduced the issues, Labour’s policies, and criticismsof the Tories, in a style widely viewed at the time as highly effective.Benn’s role in this campaign was particularly ironic because it was theBritish left – of which he subsequently became the leading figure – whichafter 1959 came to view the conscious application of professional marketingtechniques to the political process as a kind of betrayal. As Johnson andElebash put it, Labour – with the singular exception of 1959 – approachedcampaigning as if it believed that ‘amateurism equalled sincerity in politics’(1986, p. 299). The party ‘distrusted advertising as a capitalist business’.Among the Left in general, argues Kathy Myers, advertising was seen as ‘partof capitalism’s self-justification system, its ideology’ (1986, p. 85), and thusrejected as a vote-winning device.In this sense the British Left was subscribing to the normative ideal ofliberal democratic political discourse. Political persuasion, the Labour Leftbelieved, should be based on objective information and rational debate,rather than on manipulation and hard sell. To pursue the latter was todevalue the political process and patronise the people, who could be reliedupon to distinguish right from wrong if given the opportunity to do so bytheir political parties. The pursuit of this ideal and the consequent wholesalerejection of professional, persuasive communication methods deprivedLabour and the Left in general, throughout the 1960s, 1970s and into the1980s, of an important weapon with which to combat the Conservativeopposition. The pragmatic, and entirely rational goal of achieving politicalpower was sacrificed in the cause of a romanticised ideological purity ofdiscourse which television was rapidly making redundant.As late as 1983, in the midst of another disastrous general electioncampaign, the party’s then general secretary Jim Mortimer stated defiantly:‘I can assure you that the Labour Party will never follow such a line ofCOMMUNICATING POLITICS108Figure 6.5Labour’s poster campaign, 2005.presentation in politics [i.e. the use of professional advertising], for veryserious reasons: the welfare of human beings, the care of people and the factthat we want to overcome unemployment. These are the real tasks before us,not presenting people as if they were breakfast food or baked beans’ (quotedin Myers, 1986, p. 122).An illustration of the British Left’s deep-rooted unease with the conceptof advertising – even if one was advertising a ‘good thing’ – was the launchin 1987 of the left-of-centre Sunday tabloid, News on Sunday. Following theresults of expensive market research conducted by Research Surveys of GreatBritain – at a cost of £1.5 million ‘the most comprehensive research evercarried out for a new paper’ (Chippindale and Horrie, 1988, p. 99) – planswere made to produce a paper with a potential market (according to theresearch) of three million people. A collective was formed to manage the newpaper, and a £1.3 million advertising budget raised from various sponsorsand investors in the Labour movement, local government and the businesscommunity. The advertising agency Barth, Bogle and Hegarty used thismoney to design a humorous, irreverent campaign which exploited suchpositives as News on Sunday’s lack of page three girls and its antiestablishment editorial line. As Chippindale and Horrie put it, ‘the overallbrief [as the advertisers understood it] was quite simple. News on Sundaywas to be a popular newspaper. Therefore the advertising had to get as manypeople as possible to sample the product’ (ibid., p. 99).In doing so, however, Barth, Bogle and Hegarty overstepped the linebetween sending up sexism, racism, etc. and seeming to pander to it. Thisat least was how the management of News on Sundaysaw it. The result,as Chippindale and Horrie describe it, was a tragic failure of marketing and promotion, leading ultimately to the closure of the paper and theloss of several million pounds. In rejecting the professionals’ advice themanagement of News on Sundaywere following a long tradition amongstthe Left which viewed the use of commercial advertising as, at best, an evil to be reluctantly and grudgingly endorsed only when absolutelynecessary and, at worst, ‘supping with the devil’ of capitalist propagandatechniques.Equally illustrative of this attitude was the Labour Party’s experiencewith the agency of Wright and Partners in 1983. Having been convincedthat some concessions to professional marketing were essential if Labourwas to compete electorally with the Tories, the party hired Wright andPartners to run its 1983 campaign. Having done so, it refused to let agencyrepresentatives sit in on strategy meetings, and party leaders generally kepttheir distance from the professional communicators. As Johnson andElebash put it, ‘an intolerable client/agency relationship developed’ (1986,p. 302). The 1983 campaign – which ended with the Labour Party’s lowestpopular vote since the 1930s – comprised a series of ads on the traditionalsocial democratic themes of unemployment, the National Health ServiceADVERTISING109and homelessness. Aesthetically, they were unsuccessful, being described byone author as ‘dark, depressing montages’ (Myers, 1986, p. 122).On a television discussion of political advertising produced in 1989,presenter Michael Ignatieff and then Labour Director of CommunicationsPeter Mandelson looked back at the amateurishness and clumsiness of thecampaign with barely suppressed disbelief and mockery.9But the partyleadership’s approach to the agency and the management of its own campaign (see next chapter) were equally lacking in skill.The transformation in the Labour Party’s approach to advertising, whichby the 1987 election saw them being widely praised for having the bestcampaign, was provoked first and most obviously by the uniquely poorresult of the 1983 election. The party in Parliament was reduced to 209 MPs,with even that number reflecting a significant over-representation of its votingperformance, thanks to the British first-past-the-post electoral system.There can be little doubt that after the 1983 election Labour was facingthe loss of its post-war status as the junior partner in a two-party system,and along with it any realistic hope of access to government. Clearly,something had to be done to halt the decline. A change in approach wasfurther encouraged by the experience of the Labour-controlled GreaterLondon Council in its struggle with the Thatcher government.In 1983 the abolition of the GLC was announced by a governmentwhich detested the thought of this nest of ‘Reds under the beds’ runningthe capital city. Led by Ken Livingstone, the GLC was unmistakably ‘hardLeft’, promoting and implementing a wide range of progressive, socialistinspired programmes, such as cheap fares on public transport, anti-sexismand anti-racism in schools, and public services for gay, ethnic and otherminorities.10While in these terms ‘Left’, the GLC administration differedfrom the traditionalists in the Labour Party in understanding the rolewhich advertising could play in their campaign against abolition.London was essentially a Conservative heartland, and the GLC thearchetypal ‘loony Left’. Livingstone and his colleagues appreciated that thebattle with the government could not be won by the Left’s preferred tacticsof public demonstrations and rallies. Consequently, the GLC hired theagency Boas, Massimi and Pollitt (BMP), who had worked for unions andlocal governments but were primarily a commercial organisation. For BMP,in the words of its accounts director Peter Herd, ‘developing advertising ina political context is just the same as developing it in a commercial context.You find out what it is you can reasonably achieve, who you will have topersuade in order to do that, and then research to find out what is most likelyto affect them. That is the process we went through with the GLC, as wewould with Cadbury’s, Courage or the Guardian[all of whom BMP hadworked for]. It’s the same process’ (quoted in Myers, 1986, p. 111).BMP’s market research established that Londoners were not especiallyconcerned with the survival of the GLC as an institution in itself, but wereCOMMUNICATING POLITICS110concerned about losing their right to vote for local government, which wasone obvious consequence of the GLC’s abolition. In the light of theirfindings, and to maximise support amongst predominantly pro-Tory votersfor an organisation run by the Labour Left, BMP developed a dual strategyof, first, informing Londoners about the basic public service (and largelyapolitical) activities of the GLC, such as running a cheap and efficient masstransport network. Second, they sought to combat the Tory government’s(and its supporters in the press) demonisation of the GLC and KenLivingstone in particular. The resulting advertisements were of two basictypes: those dealing with the issue of the GLC were in black and white,connoting ‘seriousness’; those tackling the demonisation of the Left werehumorous and mocking of the government.Although the GLC campaign was unable to prevent the powerful Torygovernment from proceeding with its abolition legislation, opinion pollsindicated that, by its end, a majority of Londoners – including those whowould declare themselves to be Conservative voters – favoured the continuation of the GLC and opposed government policy o
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Benar, dan Anthony Wedgwood Benn, lebih dikenal sebagai Tony Benn, dengan hantu sayap kiri politik Inggris pada 1980-an. Bersama-sama, kedua
menyajikan serangkaian siaran politik partai yang, seperti Tories '1970
iklan dibahas sebelumnya, digunakan sudah konvensi akrab televisi Inggris
berkonotasi otoritas untuk audiens mereka. Dalam cara disiarkan saat
urusan presenter, mereka memperkenalkan isu-isu, kebijakan Partai Buruh, dan kritik
dari Tory, dalam gaya luas dipandang pada saat itu sebagai sangat efektif.
Peran Benn dalam kampanye ini adalah sangat ironis karena itu adalah
kiri Inggris - yang ia kemudian menjadi tokoh - yang
setelah 1959 datang untuk melihat aplikasi sadar pemasaran profesional
teknik untuk proses politik sebagai semacam pengkhianatan. Seperti Johnson dan
Elebash meletakkannya, Buruh - dengan pengecualian tunggal 1959 - mendekati
berkampanye seolah-olah itu percaya bahwa 'amatirisme menyamai ketulusan dalam politik'
(1986, hal 299.). Partai tidak mempercayai iklan sebagai bisnis kapitalis '.
Di antara Kiri pada umumnya, berpendapat Kathy Myers, iklan dipandang sebagai 'bagian
dari sistem kapitalisme pembenaran diri, ideologi '(1986, hlm. 85), dan dengan demikian
ditolak sebagai memilih pemenang perangkat.
Dalam hal ini Inggris Kiri telah berlangganan ideal normatif dari
wacana politik yang demokratis liberal. Persuasi politik, Kiri Buruh
percaya, harus didasarkan pada informasi yang obyektif dan debat rasional,
bukan pada manipulasi dan keras menjual. Untuk mengejar kedua adalah untuk
mendevaluasi proses politik dan merendahkan orang, yang bisa diandalkan
diminta untuk membedakan benar dan salah jika diberi kesempatan untuk melakukannya oleh
partai politik mereka. Mengejar ini ideal dan grosir akibat
penolakan profesional, metode komunikasi persuasif dirampas
Buruh dan Kiri pada umumnya, sepanjang tahun 1960, 1970 dan ke
1980-an, dari senjata penting yang dapat digunakan untuk memerangi Konservatif
oposisi. Pragmatis, dan seluruhnya rasional tujuan mencapai politik
kekuasaan dikorbankan di jalan kemurnian ideologis romantis dari
wacana yang televisi dengan cepat membuat berlebihan.
Sampai akhir tahun 1983, di tengah-tengah pemilihan umum lagi bencana
kampanye, sekretaris kemudian umum partai Jim Mortimer menyatakan menantang:
"Saya dapat meyakinkan Anda bahwa Partai Buruh tidak akan mengikuti garis seperti
BERKOMUNIKASI POLITIK
108
kampanye poster Gambar 6.5Labour ini, 2005.
presentasi dalam politik [yaitu penggunaan iklan profesional], karena sangat
alasan serius: kesejahteraan manusia, perawatan orang dan fakta
yang ingin kita mengatasi pengangguran. Ini adalah tugas nyata di depan kita,
tidak menghadirkan orang seolah-olah mereka sarapan makanan atau kacang panggang '(dikutip
dalam Myers, 1986, hal 122.).
Sebuah ilustrasi dari kegelisahan berakar Inggris Kiri dengan konsep
iklan - bahkan jika salah satu iklan 'hal yang baik' - adalah peluncuran
pada tahun 1987 dari kiri-tengah Sunday tabloid, Berita, Minggu. Setelah
hasil riset pasar mahal yang dilakukan oleh Survei Penelitian dari Great
Britain - dengan biaya £ 1.500.000 'penelitian yang paling komprehensif yang pernah
dilakukan untuk kertas baru '(Chippindale dan Horrie, 1988, hal 99.) - rencana
dibuat untuk menghasilkan kertas dengan pasar potensial (menurut
penelitian) dari tiga juta orang. Sebuah kolektif dibentuk untuk mengelola baru
kertas, dan anggaran periklanan £ 1.300.000 dibangkitkan dari berbagai sponsor
dan investor dalam gerakan Buruh, pemerintah daerah dan bisnis
masyarakat. Agen periklanan Barth, Bogle Hegarty dan menggunakan ini
uang untuk merancang lucu, kampanye sopan yang dieksploitasi seperti
positif sebagai News kurangnya Minggu halaman tiga gadis dan garis editorial antiestablishment nya. Sebagai Chippindale dan Horrie mengatakan, 'secara keseluruhan
singkat [sebagai pengiklan memahaminya] itu cukup sederhana. Berita pada hari Minggu
adalah untuk menjadi sebuah surat kabar populer. Oleh karena itu iklan harus mendapatkan sebanyak
orang mungkin untuk sampel produk '(ibid., hal. 99).
Dengan demikian, bagaimanapun, Barth, Bogle Hegarty dan melampaui garis
antara mengirim up seksisme, rasisme, dll dan tampak menjadi calo untuk itu. Ini
setidaknya adalah bagaimana pengelolaan News Sundaysaw itu. Hasilnya,
sebagai Chippindale dan Horrie menggambarkannya, adalah kegagalan tragis pemasaran dan promosi, yang mengarah akhirnya penutupan kertas dan
hilangnya beberapa juta pound. Dalam menolak profesional 'saran
pengelolaan News Sundaywere setelah tradisi panjang di antara
Kiri yang melihat penggunaan iklan komersial, di terbaik, sebuah
kejahatan yang harus enggan dan enggan mendukung hanya jika benar-benar
diperlukan dan, paling buruk, 'supping dengan setan 'propaganda kapitalis
teknik.
Sama menggambarkan sikap ini adalah pengalaman Partai Buruh
dengan instansi dari Wright dan Mitra pada tahun 1983. Setelah yakin
bahwa beberapa konsesi untuk pemasaran profesional yang penting jika Partai Buruh
adalah untuk bersaing secara elektoral dengan Tories, partai disewa Wright dan
Mitra untuk menjalankan kampanye 1983-nya. Setelah melakukannya, ia menolak untuk membiarkan lembaga
perwakilan duduk di atas pertemuan strategi, dan pemimpin partai biasanya disimpan
jarak mereka dari komunikator profesional. Seperti Johnson dan
Elebash mengatakan, 'hubungan klien / lembaga tertahankan dikembangkan' (1986,
hlm. 302). 1983 Kampanye - yang berakhir dengan terendah Partai Buruh
suara populer sejak 1930-an - terdiri serangkaian iklan di tradisional
tema demokrasi sosial pengangguran, National Health Service
ADVERTISING
109
dan tunawisma. Estetis, mereka tidak berhasil, yang dijelaskan oleh
salah satu penulis sebagai 'gelap, montages menyedihkan' (Myers, 1986, hal. 122).
Pada diskusi televisi iklan politik yang diproduksi pada tahun 1989,
presenter Michael Ignatieff dan kemudian Direktur Perburuhan Komunikasi
Peter Mandelson kembali menatap amateurishness dan kejanggalan dari
kampanye dengan nyaris tak tertahankan percaya dan ejekan.
9
Tetapi partai
pendekatan kepemimpinan terhadap badan dan manajemen kampanye sendiri (lihat bab berikutnya) sama-sama kurang dalam keterampilan.
Transformasi di Buruh Partai pendekatan iklan, yang
oleh pemilu 1987 melihat mereka secara luas dipuji karena memiliki yang terbaik
kampanye, diprovokasi pertama dan paling jelas oleh unik miskin
hasil pemilihan 1983. Partai di Parlemen dikurangi menjadi 209 anggota parlemen,
bahkan dengan nomor yang mencerminkan keterwakilan yang signifikan dari suara yang
kinerja, berkat first-past-the-post sistem pemilu Inggris.
Ada dapat sedikit keraguan bahwa setelah 1983 pemilu Buruh menghadapi
hilangnya status pasca-perang sebagai mitra junior dalam sistem dua partai,
dan bersamaan dengan itu harapan yang realistis dari akses ke pemerintah. Jelas,
sesuatu harus dilakukan untuk menghentikan penurunan. Perubahan dalam pendekatan ini
lebih didorong oleh pengalaman Greater Buruh yang dikuasai
Dewan London dalam perjuangannya dengan pemerintah Thatcher.
Pada tahun 1983 penghapusan GLC diumumkan oleh pemerintah
yang membenci pemikiran sarang ini 'Reds di bawah tidur 'menjalankan
ibukota. Dipimpin oleh Ken Livingstone, GLC adalah salah lagi 'keras
Kiri ', mempromosikan dan melaksanakan berbagai progresif, program socialistinspired, seperti tarif murah pada angkutan umum, anti-seksisme
dan anti-rasisme di sekolah, dan pelayanan publik untuk gay, etnis dan lainnya
minorities.10
Sementara dari segi ini 'Kiri', pemerintahan GLC berbeda
dari tradisionalis dalam Partai Buruh dalam memahami peran
yang iklan bisa bermain dalam kampanye mereka melawan penghapusan.
London pada dasarnya merupakan jantung Konservatif, dan GLC yang
pola dasar 'gila Kiri'. Livingstone dan rekan-rekannya dihargai bahwa
pertempuran dengan pemerintah tidak bisa dimenangkan dengan taktik yang disukai Kiri
demonstrasi publik dan demonstrasi. Akibatnya, GLC menyewa
lembaga Boas, Massimi dan Pollitt (BMP), yang telah bekerja untuk serikat pekerja dan
pemerintah daerah tetapi terutama organisasi komersial. Untuk BMP,
dalam kata-kata rekening direkturnya Peter Herd, 'mengembangkan iklan di
konteks politik sama saja dengan mengembangkannya dalam konteks komersial.
Anda mencari tahu apa yang Anda dapat cukup mencapai, yang Anda harus
membujuk di Untuk melakukan itu, dan kemudian penelitian untuk mencari tahu apa yang paling mungkin
untuk mempengaruhi mereka. Itulah proses yang kita lalui dengan GLC, seperti yang kita
lakukan dengan Cadbury, Keberanian atau Guardian [semuanya BMP telah
bekerja untuk]. Ini adalah proses yang sama '(dikutip dalam Myers, 1986, hal. 111).
riset pasar BMP menetapkan bahwa London tidak terutama
berkaitan dengan kelangsungan hidup GLC sebagai lembaga sendiri, tetapi
BERKOMUNIKASI POLITIK
110
khawatir tentang kehilangan hak mereka untuk memilih pemerintah daerah, yang
salah satu konsekuensi yang jelas dari penghapusan GLC ini. Dalam terang mereka
temuan, dan untuk memaksimalkan dukungan di antara sebagian besar pro-Tory pemilih
untuk sebuah organisasi yang dijalankan oleh Partai Buruh Kiri, BMP mengembangkan strategi ganda
dari, pertama, menginformasikan London tentang pelayanan publik dasar (dan sebagian besar
apolitis) kegiatan GLC, seperti menjalankan massal yang murah dan efisien
jaringan transportasi. Kedua, mereka berusaha untuk memerangi Tory pemerintah
(dan pendukungnya dalam pers) demonisasi dari GLC dan Ken
Livingstone pada khususnya. Iklan yang dihasilkan adalah dari dua dasar
jenis: yang berhubungan dengan isu GLC berada di hitam dan putih,
berarti juga 'keseriusan'; mereka menanggulangi demonisasi kaum Kiri
. lucu dan mengejek pemerintah
Meskipun kampanye GLC tidak mampu mencegah Tory kuat
pemerintah dari melanjutkan dengan undang-undang penghapusannya, jajak pendapat
menunjukkan bahwa, pada akhir-nya, mayoritas London - termasuk yang yang
akan menyatakan diri untuk menjadi pemilih Konservatif - disukai kelanjutan dari GLC dan menentang kebijakan pemerintah o
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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