The Birth of the OmbudsmanIn the year of 1697 and at the age of fiftee terjemahan - The Birth of the OmbudsmanIn the year of 1697 and at the age of fiftee Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The Birth of the OmbudsmanIn the ye

The Birth of the Ombudsman



In the year of 1697 and at the age of fifteen, Charles XII became King of Sweden. Three years later, in the fall of 1700, he won a fabulous victory over Tsar Peter’s allegedly tenfold stronger Russian army at Narva at the present border between Estonia and Russia, a victory that forever made him a hero of his time and the subject of a famous Voltaire biography. However, nine years later, in 1709, he was thoroughly defeated by Tsar Peter on the banks of the Vorskla outside Pultava in today’s Ukraine, a defeat that gave his hero’s aura a tragic gleam - and eventually gave rise to the world’s very first Ombudsman institution.

Following the defeat, Charles proceeded to Bender in today’s Moldova and for five years became the sometimes welcome, sometimes undesired guest of the Sultan. In fact Sweden, a mighty European power at the time, was governed from this region until the fall of 1714, when Charles finally decided to return to his kingdom and undertook a spectacular two-week horse ride to Stralsund in Pomerania at the Baltic Sea, then a Swedish city.

A year before this ride, in October 1713 and in the castle of Timurtasch, Charles signed an ordinance by which he established the institution of the King’s Highest Ombudsman. The task of this Ombudsman was to ensure that the judges, military officers and civil servants in Sweden were observing the laws of the country and the rules laid down for them. Having at that time been away from Sweden since he left thirteen years earlier on his campaign against Russia, the King obviously felt a need to have someone monitoring things in his home country on his behalf.

Timurtasch, where the ordinance was signed, is situated in today’s Turkey, just south of Adrianople or Edirne. However, correspondence kept in the Swedish National Archives shows that the decision was preceded by thorough deliberations, including a close examination of the arguments for and against the use of the Swedish word “Ombudsman”, by then already in existence for centuries. This correspondence is undated, but it is reasonable to believe that before King Charles left the Bender area, the idea was born in his mind to set up an Ombudsman institution, a concept, according to some scholars not only rooted in Ottoman administrative tradition as well as the Koran, but arisen even further back in the shades of history.

After arriving from Pultava in late July 1709, Charles and his followers soon took up residence outside Bender in the village of Varnitsa on the western banks of the Dnjestr. The location is known and the spot is now in the care of the Moldovan National Museum. Here he stayed until 1 February 1713, and thus Varnitsa in Moldova, together with Timurtasch, could claim to be the birthplace of the Ombudsman concept as well as of the word “Ombudsman” in its current internationally recognised sense.

The event resulting in the King’s departure from Varnitsa is itself worthy of a place in the history books. It is referred to as the Bender Riot or, in Swedish using a loan from Turkish, Kalabaliken i Bender. It is famous above all because it allegedly is the last time in European history when a crowned head took part in the fighting himself, weapon in hand. It came about when the King’s hosts had become less enthusiastic about having to care for their eminent guest, who totally ignored all suggestions that he return home or, at least, leave a country, which felt it had by then already housed him for far too long. The King left, under guard and eventually for the castle of Timurtasch, only after a horde of thousands of janissaries had set the royal house on fire and he and his few men had been overpowered, when making a rush for a safer house close by.

The reason, why the Ombudsman institution, thus established by the King in 1713, sometimes is not mentioned as the Forefather of all the world’s Ombudsman institutions, is precisely its close connection with the executive power, its not being as independent as an Ombudsman is nowadays supposed to be. Its role in relation to the development of the Ombudsman concept is nevertheless significant. Strong under King Charles and his predecessors, the monarchy became weak soon after his death in November 1718, while Parliament grew correspondingly strong. As a result, this 1713 institution, in May 1719 renamed the Chancellor of Justice, Justitiekanslern, in reality became an institution of Parliament rather than of the King. When, however, the King again became absolute ruler in the latter part of the 18th century, the institution returned to being associated with the executive. But Parliament did not forget its value.

After a coup d’état following another lost war against Russia, the new Swedish Constitution of 1809 therefore established the Parliamentary Ombudsman of Sweden, Justitieombudsmannen, as a new independent institution of Parliament. This 1809 institution is still, almost 200 years later, a well-functioning institution in Swedish society, keeping public servants in check with its inspections and its criticism in individual complaint cases, helping others with useful advice and examples of good governance, seldom exercising its original role as a prosecutor bringing wrong-doers before a court of law.

It might be added that the Chancellor of Justice, too, remains an integral and well-functioning part of the Swedish constitutional framework, that the first Ombudsman institution outside Sweden was the one in Finland, established in 1918 when the country became independent of Russia, that the first Ombudsman institution outside the Nordic countries was the one in New Zealand, established in 1962, and that Ombudsman institutions today exist in more than 100 countries all over the world, particularly due to the early information activities of the first Danish Ombudsman, Professor Stephan Hurwitz, who took office as Folketingets Ombudsman in the year of 1955.

Sarajevo, 15 June 2001, and Varnitsa, 29 June 2001.

Frank Orton

The Human Rights Ombudsman of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Former Swedish Ombudsman against Ethnic Discrimination
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The Birth of the OmbudsmanIn the year of 1697 and at the age of fifteen, Charles XII became King of Sweden. Three years later, in the fall of 1700, he won a fabulous victory over Tsar Peter’s allegedly tenfold stronger Russian army at Narva at the present border between Estonia and Russia, a victory that forever made him a hero of his time and the subject of a famous Voltaire biography. However, nine years later, in 1709, he was thoroughly defeated by Tsar Peter on the banks of the Vorskla outside Pultava in today’s Ukraine, a defeat that gave his hero’s aura a tragic gleam - and eventually gave rise to the world’s very first Ombudsman institution.Following the defeat, Charles proceeded to Bender in today’s Moldova and for five years became the sometimes welcome, sometimes undesired guest of the Sultan. In fact Sweden, a mighty European power at the time, was governed from this region until the fall of 1714, when Charles finally decided to return to his kingdom and undertook a spectacular two-week horse ride to Stralsund in Pomerania at the Baltic Sea, then a Swedish city. A year before this ride, in October 1713 and in the castle of Timurtasch, Charles signed an ordinance by which he established the institution of the King’s Highest Ombudsman. The task of this Ombudsman was to ensure that the judges, military officers and civil servants in Sweden were observing the laws of the country and the rules laid down for them. Having at that time been away from Sweden since he left thirteen years earlier on his campaign against Russia, the King obviously felt a need to have someone monitoring things in his home country on his behalf. Timurtasch, where the ordinance was signed, is situated in today’s Turkey, just south of Adrianople or Edirne. However, correspondence kept in the Swedish National Archives shows that the decision was preceded by thorough deliberations, including a close examination of the arguments for and against the use of the Swedish word “Ombudsman”, by then already in existence for centuries. This correspondence is undated, but it is reasonable to believe that before King Charles left the Bender area, the idea was born in his mind to set up an Ombudsman institution, a concept, according to some scholars not only rooted in Ottoman administrative tradition as well as the Koran, but arisen even further back in the shades of history.After arriving from Pultava in late July 1709, Charles and his followers soon took up residence outside Bender in the village of Varnitsa on the western banks of the Dnjestr. The location is known and the spot is now in the care of the Moldovan National Museum. Here he stayed until 1 February 1713, and thus Varnitsa in Moldova, together with Timurtasch, could claim to be the birthplace of the Ombudsman concept as well as of the word “Ombudsman” in its current internationally recognised sense.The event resulting in the King’s departure from Varnitsa is itself worthy of a place in the history books. It is referred to as the Bender Riot or, in Swedish using a loan from Turkish, Kalabaliken i Bender. It is famous above all because it allegedly is the last time in European history when a crowned head took part in the fighting himself, weapon in hand. It came about when the King’s hosts had become less enthusiastic about having to care for their eminent guest, who totally ignored all suggestions that he return home or, at least, leave a country, which felt it had by then already housed him for far too long. The King left, under guard and eventually for the castle of Timurtasch, only after a horde of thousands of janissaries had set the royal house on fire and he and his few men had been overpowered, when making a rush for a safer house close by.The reason, why the Ombudsman institution, thus established by the King in 1713, sometimes is not mentioned as the Forefather of all the world’s Ombudsman institutions, is precisely its close connection with the executive power, its not being as independent as an Ombudsman is nowadays supposed to be. Its role in relation to the development of the Ombudsman concept is nevertheless significant. Strong under King Charles and his predecessors, the monarchy became weak soon after his death in November 1718, while Parliament grew correspondingly strong. As a result, this 1713 institution, in May 1719 renamed the Chancellor of Justice, Justitiekanslern, in reality became an institution of Parliament rather than of the King. When, however, the King again became absolute ruler in the latter part of the 18th century, the institution returned to being associated with the executive. But Parliament did not forget its value.After a coup d’état following another lost war against Russia, the new Swedish Constitution of 1809 therefore established the Parliamentary Ombudsman of Sweden, Justitieombudsmannen, as a new independent institution of Parliament. This 1809 institution is still, almost 200 years later, a well-functioning institution in Swedish society, keeping public servants in check with its inspections and its criticism in individual complaint cases, helping others with useful advice and examples of good governance, seldom exercising its original role as a prosecutor bringing wrong-doers before a court of law.It might be added that the Chancellor of Justice, too, remains an integral and well-functioning part of the Swedish constitutional framework, that the first Ombudsman institution outside Sweden was the one in Finland, established in 1918 when the country became independent of Russia, that the first Ombudsman institution outside the Nordic countries was the one in New Zealand, established in 1962, and that Ombudsman institutions today exist in more than 100 countries all over the world, particularly due to the early information activities of the first Danish Ombudsman, Professor Stephan Hurwitz, who took office as Folketingets Ombudsman in the year of 1955.Sarajevo, 15 June 2001, and Varnitsa, 29 June 2001.Frank OrtonThe Human Rights Ombudsman of Bosnia and Herzegovina Former Swedish Ombudsman against Ethnic Discrimination
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Kelahiran Ombudsman Pada tahun 1697 dan pada usia lima belas, Charles XII menjadi Raja Swedia. Tiga tahun kemudian, pada musim gugur 1700, ia meraih kemenangan luar biasa atas tentara Tsar Rusia Peter diduga sepuluh kali lipat lebih kuat di Narva di perbatasan hadir antara Estonia dan Rusia, kemenangan itu selamanya membuatnya menjadi pahlawan waktu dan subyek dari biografi Voltaire yang terkenal. Namun, sembilan tahun kemudian, pada 1709, ia benar-benar dikalahkan oleh Tsar Peter di tepi Vorskla luar Pultava di hari ini Ukraina, kekalahan yang memberi aura pahlawan nya kilauan tragis - dan akhirnya memunculkan lembaga Ombudsman yang sangat pertama di dunia . Setelah kekalahan itu, Charles mulai Bender di Moldova hari ini dan selama lima tahun menjadi kadang-kadang menyambut, kadang-kadang tamu yang tidak diinginkan dari Sultan. Bahkan Swedia, kekuatan Eropa perkasa pada saat itu, diperintah dari daerah ini sampai jatuhnya 1714, ketika Charles akhirnya memutuskan untuk kembali ke kerajaannya dan melakukan spektakuler dua minggu naik kuda ke Stralsund di Pomerania di Laut Baltik, kemudian kota Swedia. Setahun sebelum perjalanan ini, di Oktober 1713 dan di kastil Timurtasch, Charles menandatangani peraturan yang ia mendirikan lembaga Raja Ombudsman tertinggi. Tugas Ombudsman ini adalah untuk memastikan bahwa para hakim, perwira militer dan pegawai negeri sipil di Swedia yang mengamati hukum negara dan aturan yang ditetapkan untuk mereka. Memiliki waktu itu telah jauh dari Swedia sejak ia meninggalkan tiga belas tahun sebelumnya pada kampanye melawan Rusia, Raja jelas merasa perlu untuk memiliki seseorang memantau hal-hal di negara asalnya atas namanya. Timurtasch, di mana peraturan itu ditandatangani, terletak di hari ini Turki, tepat di sebelah selatan Adrianople atau Edirne. Namun, korespondensi disimpan di Swedia Arsip Nasional menunjukkan bahwa keputusan itu diawali dengan musyawarah menyeluruh, termasuk pemeriksaan dekat dari argumen untuk dan terhadap penggunaan kata Swedia "Ombudsman", saat itu sudah ada selama berabad-abad. Korespondensi ini tidak bertanggal, tapi masuk akal untuk percaya bahwa sebelum Raja Charles meninggalkan area Bender, ide lahir di pikirannya untuk mendirikan sebuah lembaga Ombudsman, konsep, menurut sebagian ulama tidak hanya berakar pada tradisi administrasi Ottoman serta sebagai Quran, tetapi muncul lebih jauh kembali nuansa sejarah. Setelah tiba dari Pultava pada akhir Juli 1709, Charles dan pengikutnya segera mengambil tempat tinggal di luar Bender di desa Varnitsa di tepi barat Dnjestr. Lokasi dikenal dan tempat sekarang dalam perawatan dari Museum Nasional Moldova. Di sini ia tinggal sampai 1 Februari 1713, dan dengan demikian Varnitsa di Moldova, bersama-sama dengan Timurtasch, bisa mengklaim sebagai tempat kelahiran konsep Ombudsman serta dari kata "Ombudsman" dalam arti yang diakui secara internasional saat ini. Acara yang mengakibatkan Raja keberangkatan dari Varnitsa itu sendiri layak tempat dalam buku-buku sejarah. Hal ini disebut sebagai Bender Kerusuhan atau, di Swedia menggunakan pinjaman dari Turki, Kalabaliken i Bender. Hal ini terkenal di atas semua karena diduga adalah terakhir kalinya dalam sejarah Eropa ketika kepala dimahkotai mengambil bagian dalam pertempuran sendiri, senjata di tangan. Ini terjadi ketika host Raja telah menjadi kurang antusias tentang memiliki untuk merawat tamu terkemuka mereka, yang benar-benar mengabaikan semua saran bahwa ia kembali ke rumah atau, setidaknya, meninggalkan negara, yang merasa saat itu telah sudah ditempatkan dia untuk terlalu panjang. Raja kiri, di bawah penjagaan dan akhirnya untuk kastil Timurtasch, setelah segerombolan ribuan tentara itu mengatur rumah royal terbakar dan ia dan beberapa anak buahnya telah dikuasai, ketika membuat terburu-buru untuk rumah yang lebih aman dekat. Alasannya, mengapa lembaga Ombudsman, sehingga didirikan oleh Raja pada tahun 1713, kadang-kadang tidak disebutkan sebagai nenek moyang dari semua dunia lembaga Ombudsman, justru hubungan dekat dengan kekuasaan eksekutif, yang tidak menjadi sebagai independen sebagai Ombudsman adalah saat ini seharusnya menjadi. Perannya dalam kaitannya dengan pengembangan konsep Ombudsman adalah tetap signifikan. Kuat di bawah Raja Charles dan pendahulunya, monarki menjadi lemah setelah kematiannya pada November 1718, sementara Parlemen tumbuh Sejalan kuat. Akibatnya, lembaga ini 1713, Mei 1719 berganti nama menjadi Kanselir Kehakiman, Justitiekanslern, dalam kenyataannya menjadi sebuah lembaga Parlemen daripada Raja. Ketika, bagaimanapun, Raja lagi menjadi penguasa absolut di bagian akhir abad ke-18, lembaga kembali ke dikaitkan dengan eksekutif. Tapi Parlemen tidak lupa nilainya. Setelah kudeta setelah perang lain kalah melawan Rusia, Swedia Konstitusi baru 1809 karena itu didirikan Ombudsman Parlemen Swedia, Justitieombudsmannen, sebagai lembaga independen baru DPR. Lembaga 1809 ini masih, hampir 200 tahun kemudian, sebuah lembaga yang berfungsi dengan baik dalam masyarakat Swedia, menjaga pegawai negeri di cek dengan inspeksi dan kritik dalam kasus pengaduan individual, membantu orang lain dengan saran dan contoh pemerintahan yang baik yang berguna, jarang berolahraga nya Peran asli sebagai jaksa membawa-orang yang lalim sebelum pengadilan hukum. Mungkin menambahkan bahwa Kanselir Kehakiman, juga, tetap merupakan bagian integral dan berfungsi dengan baik dari kerangka konstitusional Swedia, bahwa lembaga Ombudsman pertama di luar Swedia adalah satu di Finlandia, didirikan pada tahun 1918 ketika negara merdeka dari Rusia, bahwa lembaga Ombudsman pertama di luar negara-negara Nordik adalah satu di Selandia Baru, yang didirikan pada tahun 1962, dan bahwa lembaga Ombudsman hari ini ada di lebih dari 100 negara di seluruh dunia , terutama karena kegiatan informasi awal pertama Denmark Ombudsman, Profesor Stephan Hurwitz, yang menjabat sebagai Folketingets Ombudsman pada tahun 1955. Sarajevo, 15 Juni 2001, dan Varnitsa, 29 Juni 2001. Frank Orton Hak Asasi Manusia Ombudsman Bosnia and Herzegovina Mantan Swedia Ombudsman terhadap Diskriminasi Etnis



























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