World UnemploymentMany regions of the world - although not actively in terjemahan - World UnemploymentMany regions of the world - although not actively in Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

World UnemploymentMany regions of t

World Unemployment
Many regions of the world - although not actively inserted into the global
cheap-labor economy - nonetheless contain important "reserves of cheap
labor" which play an important role in regulating the costs of labor at a
world level. If labor unrest, including social pressures on wages, occurs in
one Third World location, transnational capital can switch its production
site or subcontract (through out-sourcing) to alternative cheap-labor locations.
In other words, the existence of "reserve countries" with abundant
supplies of cheap labor tends to dampen the movement of wages and labor
costs prevailing in the more active (cheap-labor) export economies (e.g.
South East Asia, Mexico, China and Eastern Europe).
In other words, the determination of national wage levels in individual
developing countries not only depends on the structure of the national
labor market, but also on the level of wages prevailing in competing cheaplabor
locations. The level of labor costs is therefore conditioned by the
existence of a "global reserve pool of cheap labor" made up of the "reserve
armies" of labor in different countries. This "world surplus population"
102 THE GLOBAUZATION OF POVERTY
conditions the international migration of productive capital in the same
branch of industry from one country to another: international capital (the
direct or indirect purchaser of labor power) moves from one national labor
market to another. From the point of view of capital, the "national reserves
of labor" are integrated into a single international reserve pool where
workers in different countries are brought into overt competition with one
another.
World unemployment becomes "a lever" of global capital accumulation
which "regulates" the cost of labor in each of the national economies.
Mass poverty regulates the international cost of labor. Wages are also conditioned,
at the level of each national economy, by the urban-rural relationship.
Namely, rural poverty and the existence of a large mass of unemployed


cheap labor
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World UnemploymentMany regions of the world - although not actively inserted into the globalcheap-labor economy - nonetheless contain important "reserves of cheaplabor" which play an important role in regulating the costs of labor at aworld level. If labor unrest, including social pressures on wages, occurs inone Third World location, transnational capital can switch its productionsite or subcontract (through out-sourcing) to alternative cheap-labor locations.In other words, the existence of "reserve countries" with abundantsupplies of cheap labor tends to dampen the movement of wages and laborcosts prevailing in the more active (cheap-labor) export economies (e.g.South East Asia, Mexico, China and Eastern Europe).In other words, the determination of national wage levels in individualdeveloping countries not only depends on the structure of the nationallabor market, but also on the level of wages prevailing in competing cheaplaborlocations. The level of labor costs is therefore conditioned by theexistence of a "global reserve pool of cheap labor" made up of the "reservearmies" of labor in different countries. This "world surplus population"102 THE GLOBAUZATION OF POVERTYconditions the international migration of productive capital in the samebranch of industry from one country to another: international capital (thedirect or indirect purchaser of labor power) moves from one national labormarket to another. From the point of view of capital, the "national reservesof labor" are integrated into a single international reserve pool whereworkers in different countries are brought into overt competition with oneanother.World unemployment becomes "a lever" of global capital accumulationwhich "regulates" the cost of labor in each of the national economies.Mass poverty regulates the international cost of labor. Wages are also conditioned,at the level of each national economy, by the urban-rural relationship.Namely, rural poverty and the existence of a large mass of unemployedcheap labor
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Dunia Pengangguran
Banyak wilayah di dunia - meskipun tidak secara aktif dimasukkan ke global
ekonomi yang murah-tenaga kerja - tetap mengandung penting "cadangan murah
tenaga kerja" yang memainkan peran penting dalam mengatur biaya tenaga kerja di
tingkat dunia. Jika kerusuhan tenaga kerja, termasuk tekanan sosial pada upah, terjadi di
satu lokasi Dunia Ketiga, modal transnasional dapat mengganti produksinya
situs atau subkontrak (melalui out-sourcing) ke alternatif lokasi yang murah-tenaga kerja.
Dengan kata lain, keberadaan "negara cadangan" dengan berlimpah
pasokan tenaga kerja murah cenderung untuk meredam pergerakan upah dan tenaga kerja
biaya yang berlaku di lebih aktif (murah-tenaga kerja) ekonomi ekspor (misalnya
Asia Tenggara, Meksiko, China dan Eropa Timur).
Dengan kata lain, penentuan nasional tingkat upah di masing-masing
negara-negara berkembang tidak hanya tergantung pada struktur nasional
pasar tenaga kerja, tetapi juga pada tingkat upah yang berlaku di bersaing cheaplabor
lokasi. Tingkat biaya tenaga kerja oleh karena dikondisikan oleh
adanya "kolam cadangan global tenaga kerja murah" yang terdiri dari "cadangan
tentara" tenaga kerja di negara yang berbeda. Ini "kelebihan penduduk dunia"
102 THE GLOBAUZATION KEMISKINAN
kondisi migrasi internasional kapital produktif dalam yang sama
cabang industri dari satu negara ke negara lain: modal internasional
(pembeli langsung atau tidak langsung dari tenaga kerja) bergerak dari satu tenaga kerja nasional
pasar ke pasar lain . Dari sudut pandang modal, "cadangan nasional
tenaga kerja" diintegrasikan ke kolam cadangan internasional tunggal di mana
pekerja di berbagai negara dibawa ke dalam persaingan terbuka dengan satu
sama lain.
Pengangguran Dunia menjadi "pengungkit" akumulasi modal global
yang " mengatur "biaya tenaga kerja di masing-masing ekonomi nasional.
kemiskinan Mass mengatur biaya kerja internasional. Upah juga dikondisikan,
di tingkat masing-masing ekonomi nasional, oleh hubungan desa-kota.
Yaitu, kemiskinan pedesaan dan adanya massa besar pengangguran tenaga kerja murah


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