Why is it that diamonds, shiny and nice as a fashion statement,are val terjemahan - Why is it that diamonds, shiny and nice as a fashion statement,are val Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Why is it that diamonds, shiny and

Why is it that diamonds, shiny and nice as a fashion statement,
are valued more highly than water, a prerequisite
for sustaining life? Could it be that water’s less-valuable
uses of cleaning the car or washing down the driveway
have a dampening effect on its value?
Rarely do we think about the disparity of price among the myriad products
that surround us. Apples-to-apples, it’s obvious that a Kia Sorento doesn’t
hold a candle to the Rolls-Royce Phantom. But apples-to-oranges, why such
a chasm between cool blue water and hot blue diamonds? (Ironically, diamonds
are often referred to as “ice.”)
Economists tell us that the law of diminishing marginal utility dictates
that consumers place a greater value on diamonds than on life-giving water.
It’s just the way consumers prioritize price—by a product’s “least-value
usage.” Water may save your life in the desert, but even the lowliest of
industrial diamonds carries a certain sexiness that invariably outstrips the
redoubtable H2O.
And a precision-cut marquise diamond. . .! Well, let’s just concede that the
value of water pales in comparison in most eyes, literally spiraling down the
storm drain. Few people would ever capriciously discard a diamond, yet water
flows down our gutters every hour of every day. And if gutter runoff is the
worst face of water—that is, its least-value usage—that explains its low prestige
among economists—and, by extension, average consumers.
OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVE VALUE
Two schools of economic thought drive the discussion about the value of a
product: the intrinsic and the subjective schools. The first holds that the price
or value of anything is objective. The second school says it depends on our
subjective perception of the value of goods or services. Most of us—economists,
retailers and consumers alike—function in this subjective mode; thus we give
little or no value to an object unless it’s perceived by a consumer to satisfy a
human need or want. What does it cost to bring a product to market? Irrelevant.
What are the variable costs for larger quantities? Meaningless.
If the consumer doesn’t covet your Pet Rock or Beanie Baby, you may as
well try selling snowballs to the Inuit in Alaska. Objectively speaking, delivering
snowballs intact to the shores of the Bering Strait surely involves massive
cost (labor, packaging, transportation, and the like). What price could you
possibly hope to expect from the Inuit in return for your investment and
efforts? Subjectively speaking, zero. But offer that same product in liquid form
and voila! . . .the lowly H2O is viewed in a new light. Think pipeline. Think
bottled water.
ACCORDING TO ECONOMISTS,
THE MORE WE CONSUME OF
SOMETHING THE LESS VALUABLE
IT BECOMES, WHICH PROMPTS
THIS QUESTION: ARE PRICING
STRATEGIES FOR WATER USE
REALLY MATCHING CONSUMERS’
IDEA OF WHAT IT’S WORTH?

In either case, objective value is irrelevant to the consumer. Economists would
point to the economic value—simply put, what a product is worth to the person
who wants to buy it rather than how much the seller will give it up for.
THE DIAMOND–WATER PARADOX AND THE LAW OF DIMINISHING
MARGINAL UTILITY
Adam Smith is the father of the contemporary Western definition of economic
value. More than two centuries ago, the Wealth of Nations author mulled the
conundrum that, even though life cannot exist without water and we can easily
subsist without diamonds, diamonds are, pound-for-pound, vastly more “valuable”
than water. This paradox endures today.
Figure 1 illustrates the law of diminishing marginal utility in the “diamond–
water paradox,” showing the marginal utility of diamonds and water as a function
of the amount consumed. As a person buys or consumes more diamonds or
water, each additional unit of diamonds or water results in a lower marginal
utility. At low levels of consumption, water has a higher marginal utility than
diamonds and thus is more valuable. People usually consume water at much
higher levels than they buy diamonds; thus the marginal utility and price of water
are lower than the marginal utility and price of diamonds.
Let’s return to our Far North water marketplace. Suppose we deliver five pallets
of bottled water to the small town of Barrows, Alaska. That shipment might
last the entire winter as a supplement to the residents’ existing water source.
Beyond that, however, their willingness to purchase more pallets of water almost
certainly decreases. The law of diminishing marginal utility kicks in and the law
of diminishing returns looms over any subsequent transaction you might propose.
Basically, as you buy more, you are less inclined to shell out your hard-earned
dollars for each incremental unit you might purchase. As your need approaches
saturation, your wallet starts to go back in your pocket. And when you don’t
need any more of something, that wallet is zipped tight and it disappears into
your pocket’s deepest recesses.
Ironically, you save your marginal purchasing power for . . . yes . . .a rainy day.
And while an Inuk’s definition of a rainy day might be the off-chance that a day
will come when his sled dogs get thirsty and he’s run out of pallets as the spring
thaw nears, it’s far more likely his wallet would next be opened to buy more
money-making sled dogs.
Similarly, once a family is satiated by the gallons of water it needs for personal
consumption, additional outside water becomes less valuable. Put another way,
water has a diminishing marginal utility once personal-use needs are met.
Throw in one more paradox: In the world of water transmission, the price of
water goes up with usage (increasing tier rates). This is ingeniously engineered
to encourage water conservation. Yet at the core, the price of water is geysering
upward exactly at the time consumer demand is flowing down the sidewalk.
In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith insightfully noted that “Nothing is more
useful than water; but it will purchase scarce any thing.” In analyzing Smith’s
seminal work, P.J. O’Rourke tried to clear up any confusion with a humorous
illustration: “With an additional eight ounces of water, all we get is a trip to the
bathroom in the middle of the night. With an additional eight ounces of gold, we
get the upfront payment to lease a Lexus. Marginal Utility explains why gold, vital
to the life of no one except hip-hop performers and fiancés, is so high-priced.”
ESTABLISHING THE VALUE OF TAP WATER
Here’s the point: The value of any product, water included, is established subjectively
by the consumer’s perception of its importance. Thus, to establish the
value of tap water, we must also include its diminishing marginal utility—that
is, how it is being used, how much is being used, and for how long it will be
needed or demanded.
4 SEPTEMBER 2013 | JOURNAL AWWA • 105:9 | GOETZ
In the dual-pipe system, outside (nonpotable) and inside (potable) water usages
are separated, so the rates are different. This system has the luxury of fitting
within the two very different perceptions of value. A utility in a new development
may carry potable water in one line and nonpotable water in another. Rates for
untreated water are less than those for tap water, and the billing statement carries
two line items to objectify the very subjective way most consumers value water.
It also works well for separating out increasing tier rates. In this case, consumers
can align the quality of water with its usage—there is, after all, no need to irrigate
with treated water.
Alas, a dual-pipe system is rare, and most utilities cannot segregate indoor from
outdoor water usage. So what happens? As the average consumer’s personal needs
for water are met, the diminishing marginal utility of water decreases. At the
same time, water rates are unchanged, or even go up with usage if increasing tier
rates are employed. This flies in the face of the very natural question that many
consumers have: Why is the first, most valuable gallon of water the cheapest, but
the last and least valuable gallon the most expensive?
People value water less with the more they use, so perhaps visual clues are in
order to emphasize the differences on the billing statement. By parsing the billing
statement in this way— indicating the first tier of water would represent the
average indoor usage for a household—utilities could begin leveraging a huge
educational tool.
Generally, people don’t like paying more when they use more, especially
because many of those last 1,000 gallons flowed down the driveway. Perhaps the
value of water could become more of a straight line rather than a plunging roller
coaster that largely ignores the relationship between consumption and marginal
utility. Current industry best practices emphasize environmentally friendly pricing,
but increasing evidence indicates skepticism among consumers about pricing
strategies that conflict with their own values.
One must ask, is it time to rethink how pricing strategies that, in real life, may
or may not encourage water conservation in favor of framing those same rates
to recognize how most people value water by its usage?

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Mengapa itu bahwa berlian, mengkilap dan bagus sebagai pernyataan fashion,
dinilai lebih tinggi daripada air, prasyarat
untuk mempertahankan hidup? Mungkinkah bahwa air yang kurang-berharga
menggunakan membersihkan mobil atau mencuci menyusuri jalan
mempunyai efek pelembaban nilainya?
jarang kita berpikir tentang perbedaan harga antara segudang produk
yang mengelilingi kita. Apel-to-apel, sudah jelas bahwa Kia Sorento doesn't
berpegang lilin Rolls-Royce Phantom. Mengapa tapi apel-untuk-jeruk, seperti
jurang antara air biru yang dingin dan panas berlian biru? (Ironisnya, berlian
sering disebut sebagai "es.")
Ekonom mengatakan kepada kita bahwa hukum penurunan kegunaan marginal menyatakan
bahwa konsumen menempatkan nilai besar pada berlian daripada di memberikan kehidupan air.
Hanya cara konsumen memprioritaskan harga — oleh produk yang "paling-nilai
penggunaan." Air dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda di gurun, tetapi bahkan titah
industri berlian membawa keseksian tertentu yang selalu melampaui
Sultanate H2O.
dan presisi-potong marquise berlian...! Yah, mari kita hanya mengakui bahwa
nilai air artinya jika dibandingkan di mata sebagian, secara harfiah spiral turun
badai Tiriskan. Beberapa orang akan pernah plin-Plan membuang berlian, namun air
mengalir turun Talang kami setiap jam setiap hari. Dan jika selokan limpasan
terburuk wajah air — yaitu penggunaannya sedikit-nilai — yang menjelaskan prestise yang rendah
antara ekonom — dan, dengan perluasan, rata-rata konsumen.
VS tujuan. NILAI SUBJEKTIF
Dua sekolah ekonomi pikir berkendara diskusi tentang nilai
Produk: intrinsik dan sekolah-sekolah subjektif. Pertama berpendapat bahawa harga
atau nilai apapun tujuan. Kedua sekolah mengatakan itu tergantung pada kami
persepsi subjektif dari nilai barang atau jasa. Kebanyakan dari kita — ekonom,
pengecer dan konsumen sama-fungsi dalam mode ini subyektif; dengan demikian kami memberikan
sedikit atau tidak ada nilai objek Kecuali hal itu dirasakan oleh konsumen untuk memenuhi
manusia perlu atau ingin. Berapa biayanya untuk membawa produk ke pasar? Relevan.
Apakah biaya variabel untuk jumlah yang lebih besar? Artinya.
jika konsumen tidak mengingini Pet Rock atau Beanie bayi Anda, Anda mungkin sebagai
juga mencoba menjual bola salju ke Inuit di Alaska. Objektif berbicara, menyampaikan
bola-bola salju yang utuh untuk tepi Selat Bering tentu melibatkan besar
biaya (tenaga kerja, Kemasan, transportasi, dan sejenisnya). Berapa harga yang Anda
mungkin berharap diharapkan dari Inuit sebagai imbalan atas investasi Anda dan
upaya? Subjektif berbicara, nol. Tetapi menawarkan produk yang sama dalam bentuk cair
dan voila! .. .suatu rendah H2O melihat dalam terang yang baru. Berpikir pipa. Berpikir
AMDK.
Menurut EKONOM,
THE lebih kita mengkonsumsi dari
sesuatu THE kurang berharga
menjadi, yang mendorong
pertanyaan ini: Apakah harga
strategi untuk menggunakan air
benar-benar cocok konsumen
ide dari apa IT'S WORTH?

dalam kedua kasus, nilai tujuan tidak relevan kepada konsumen. Ekonom akan
menunjuk ke nilai ekonomi — Sederhananya, produk apa yang bernilai kepada orang
Siapa yang ingin membelinya daripada berapa banyak penjual akan menyerah untuk
DIAMOND – air PARADOKS dan THE hukum dari berkurang
MARJINAL UTILITY
Adam Smith adalah ayah dari kontemporer Barat definisi ekonomi
nilai. Lebih dari dua abad yang lalu, merenungkan penulis Wealth of Nations
teka-teki yang, meskipun hidup tidak bisa ada tanpa air dan kita dapat dengan mudah
hidup tanpa berlian, berlian, pound-for-pound, jauh lebih "berharga"
daripada air. Paradoks ini bertahan sampai hari ini.
gambar satu mengilustrasikan hukum penurunan kegunaan marginal di "diamond –
air paradoks," menampilkan utilitas berlian dan air sebagai fungsi
dalam jumlah yang dikonsumsi. Sebagai orang yang membeli atau mengkonsumsi lebih berlian atau
air, setiap unit tambahan berlian atau air hasil di bawah marjinal
utilitas. Pada tingkat rendah konsumsi, air memiliki utilitas lebih tinggi daripada
berlian dan dengan demikian lebih berharga. Orang biasanya mengkonsumsi air pada banyak
tingkat yang lebih tinggi daripada mereka membeli berlian; dengan demikian utilitas dan harga air
lebih rendah daripada utilitas dan harga berlian.
Mari kita kembali ke pasar kami air jauh Utara. Misalkan kita memberikan lima palet
botol air untuk kota kecil Barrows, Alaska. Pengiriman mungkin
terakhir musim dingin seluruh sebagai suplemen untuk penghuni ada air sumber.
di luar itu, namun, kesediaan mereka untuk membeli lebih banyak palet air hampir
pasti berkurang. Hukum berkurang utilitas tendangan dan hukum
kembali yg berkurang alat tenun atas transaksi berikutnya Anda bisa mengusulkan.
pada dasarnya, ketika Anda membeli lebih banyak, kurang cenderung untuk keluar Anda susah payah
dolar untuk setiap unit inkremental Anda mungkin membeli. Sebagai pendekatan kebutuhan Anda
kejenuhan, dompet Anda mulai kembali di saku Anda. Dan ketika Anda tidak
memerlukan lebih dari sesuatu, bahwa dompet zip ketat dan itu menghilang ke
saku Anda terdalam relung.
Ironisnya, hemat daya beli Anda marjinal untuk... ya.. .a hari hujan.
dan sementara Inuk definisi hari hujan mungkin off-kesempatan yang sehari
akan datang ketika kereta luncur anjing mendapatkan Haus dan ia adalah kehabisan palet seperti musim semi
mencair mendekati, jauh lebih mungkin dompet akan berikutnya dibuka untuk membeli lebih banyak
uang-membuat kereta luncur anjing.
begitu pula setelah keluarga kenyang oleh galon air dibutuhkan untuk pribadi
konsumsi, tambahan di luar air menjadi kurang berharga. Kata lain,
air memiliki utilitas yang semakin berkurang setelah penggunaan pribadi kebutuhan met.
melemparkan dalam salah satu paradoks lain: dalam dunia transmisi air, Harga
air naik dengan penggunaan (menambah tingkat harga). Cerdik ini direkayasa
untuk mendorong konservasi air. Namun pada inti, harga air geysering
ke atas persis pada waktu konsumen permintaan mengalir bawah trotoar.
dalam The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith mendalam mencatat bahwa "tidak ada lain
berguna daripada air; Tapi itu akan membeli barang langka hal."Dalam menganalisis Smith
seminalis kerja, P.J. O'Rourke mencoba untuk menjernihkan kebingungan dengan lucu
ilustrasi:" dengan tambahan delapan ons air, yang kami dapatkan adalah perjalanan ke
mandi di tengah malam. Dengan tambahan delapan ons emas, kita
mendapatkan pembayaran dimuka untuk menyewa Lexus. Utilitas menjelaskan mengapa emas, penting
hidup tidak ada seorang pun kecuali Artis hip-hop dan fiancés, begitu mahal."
MEMBANGUN nilai air KERAN
berikut adalah titik: nilai produk, termasuk, air didirikan subjektif
oleh konsumen persepsi mengenai mengenai kepentingannya. Dengan demikian, untuk mendirikan
nilai keran air, kita juga harus mencakup utilitas yang semakin berkurang — yang
adalah, bagaimana itu sedang digunakan, berapa banyak yang digunakan, dan untuk berapa lama itu akan
diperlukan atau menuntut.
4 Mei 2013 | JURNAL AWWA • 105:9 | GOETZ
dalam sistem dual-pipa, di luar (nonpotable) dan penggunaan air dalam (minum)
dipisahkan, sehingga harga berbeda. Sistem ini memiliki kemewahan pas
dalam persepsi sangat berbeda dua nilai. Sebuah utilitas dalam sebuah perkembangan baru
mungkin membawa air minum dalam satu baris dan nonpotable air lain. Tarif untuk
tidak diobati air kurang daripada air keran, dan tagihan membawa
dua item baris agar mengkonkretkan cara kebanyakan konsumen sangat subjektif nilai air.
ini juga bekerja baik untuk memisahkan meningkatkan tingkat harga. Dalam kasus ini, konsumen
dapat menyelaraskan kualitas air dengan penggunaan — ada, setelah semua, tidak perlu untuk mengairi
dengan air diperlakukan.
sayang, sistem dual-pipa langka, dan paling utilitas tidak dapat memisahkan ruangan dari
penggunaan air kolam. Jadi apa yang terjadi? Sebagai konsumen rata-rata pribadi kebutuhan
untuk air terpenuhi, utilitas semakin berkurang air berkurang. Di
bersamaan, air yang tidak berubah, atau bahkan pergi dengan penggunaan jika meningkatkan tingkat
TARIF bekerja. Ini lalat dalam menghadapi pertanyaan sangat alami bahwa banyak
konsumen memiliki: adalah mengapa pertama, paling berharga galon air termurah tetapi
galon terakhir dan paling berharga yang paling mahal?
orang nilai air kurang dengan semakin mereka gunakan, jadi mungkin petunjuk visual yang di
untuk menekankan perbedaan pada lembar penagihan. Oleh parsing penagihan
pernyataan ini cara — menunjukkan tingkat pertama air akan mewakili
rata-rata penggunaan indoor untuk rumah tangga-utilitas bisa mulai memanfaatkan besar
alat pendidikan.
umumnya, orang tidak suka membayar lebih ketika mereka menggunakan lebih, terutama
karena banyak galon 1.000 orang terakhir mengalir menyusuri jalan. Mungkin
nilai air bisa menjadi lebih dari garis lurus daripada roller terjun
coaster yang mengabaikan sebagian besar hubungan antara konsumsi dan marjinal
utilitas. Praktik terbaik industri menekankan harga ramah lingkungan,
tetapi semakin banyak bukti menunjukkan skeptisisme antara konsumen tentang harga
strategi yang bertentangan dengan mereka sendiri nilai-nilai
salah satu harus bertanya, Apakah waktu untuk memikirkan kembali strategi bagaimana harga itu, dalam kehidupan nyata, mungkin
atau tidak dapat mendorong konservasi air mendukung membingkai mereka harga yang sama
untuk mengenali bagaimana kebanyakan orang nilai air dengan penggunaannya?

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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Why is it that diamonds, shiny and nice as a fashion statement,
are valued more highly than water, a prerequisite
for sustaining life? Could it be that water’s less-valuable
uses of cleaning the car or washing down the driveway
have a dampening effect on its value?
Rarely do we think about the disparity of price among the myriad products
that surround us. Apples-to-apples, it’s obvious that a Kia Sorento doesn’t
hold a candle to the Rolls-Royce Phantom. But apples-to-oranges, why such
a chasm between cool blue water and hot blue diamonds? (Ironically, diamonds
are often referred to as “ice.”)
Economists tell us that the law of diminishing marginal utility dictates
that consumers place a greater value on diamonds than on life-giving water.
It’s just the way consumers prioritize price—by a product’s “least-value
usage.” Water may save your life in the desert, but even the lowliest of
industrial diamonds carries a certain sexiness that invariably outstrips the
redoubtable H2O.
And a precision-cut marquise diamond. . .! Well, let’s just concede that the
value of water pales in comparison in most eyes, literally spiraling down the
storm drain. Few people would ever capriciously discard a diamond, yet water
flows down our gutters every hour of every day. And if gutter runoff is the
worst face of water—that is, its least-value usage—that explains its low prestige
among economists—and, by extension, average consumers.
OBJECTIVE VS. SUBJECTIVE VALUE
Two schools of economic thought drive the discussion about the value of a
product: the intrinsic and the subjective schools. The first holds that the price
or value of anything is objective. The second school says it depends on our
subjective perception of the value of goods or services. Most of us—economists,
retailers and consumers alike—function in this subjective mode; thus we give
little or no value to an object unless it’s perceived by a consumer to satisfy a
human need or want. What does it cost to bring a product to market? Irrelevant.
What are the variable costs for larger quantities? Meaningless.
If the consumer doesn’t covet your Pet Rock or Beanie Baby, you may as
well try selling snowballs to the Inuit in Alaska. Objectively speaking, delivering
snowballs intact to the shores of the Bering Strait surely involves massive
cost (labor, packaging, transportation, and the like). What price could you
possibly hope to expect from the Inuit in return for your investment and
efforts? Subjectively speaking, zero. But offer that same product in liquid form
and voila! . . .the lowly H2O is viewed in a new light. Think pipeline. Think
bottled water.
ACCORDING TO ECONOMISTS,
THE MORE WE CONSUME OF
SOMETHING THE LESS VALUABLE
IT BECOMES, WHICH PROMPTS
THIS QUESTION: ARE PRICING
STRATEGIES FOR WATER USE
REALLY MATCHING CONSUMERS’
IDEA OF WHAT IT’S WORTH?

In either case, objective value is irrelevant to the consumer. Economists would
point to the economic value—simply put, what a product is worth to the person
who wants to buy it rather than how much the seller will give it up for.
THE DIAMOND–WATER PARADOX AND THE LAW OF DIMINISHING
MARGINAL UTILITY
Adam Smith is the father of the contemporary Western definition of economic
value. More than two centuries ago, the Wealth of Nations author mulled the
conundrum that, even though life cannot exist without water and we can easily
subsist without diamonds, diamonds are, pound-for-pound, vastly more “valuable”
than water. This paradox endures today.
Figure 1 illustrates the law of diminishing marginal utility in the “diamond–
water paradox,” showing the marginal utility of diamonds and water as a function
of the amount consumed. As a person buys or consumes more diamonds or
water, each additional unit of diamonds or water results in a lower marginal
utility. At low levels of consumption, water has a higher marginal utility than
diamonds and thus is more valuable. People usually consume water at much
higher levels than they buy diamonds; thus the marginal utility and price of water
are lower than the marginal utility and price of diamonds.
Let’s return to our Far North water marketplace. Suppose we deliver five pallets
of bottled water to the small town of Barrows, Alaska. That shipment might
last the entire winter as a supplement to the residents’ existing water source.
Beyond that, however, their willingness to purchase more pallets of water almost
certainly decreases. The law of diminishing marginal utility kicks in and the law
of diminishing returns looms over any subsequent transaction you might propose.
Basically, as you buy more, you are less inclined to shell out your hard-earned
dollars for each incremental unit you might purchase. As your need approaches
saturation, your wallet starts to go back in your pocket. And when you don’t
need any more of something, that wallet is zipped tight and it disappears into
your pocket’s deepest recesses.
Ironically, you save your marginal purchasing power for . . . yes . . .a rainy day.
And while an Inuk’s definition of a rainy day might be the off-chance that a day
will come when his sled dogs get thirsty and he’s run out of pallets as the spring
thaw nears, it’s far more likely his wallet would next be opened to buy more
money-making sled dogs.
Similarly, once a family is satiated by the gallons of water it needs for personal
consumption, additional outside water becomes less valuable. Put another way,
water has a diminishing marginal utility once personal-use needs are met.
Throw in one more paradox: In the world of water transmission, the price of
water goes up with usage (increasing tier rates). This is ingeniously engineered
to encourage water conservation. Yet at the core, the price of water is geysering
upward exactly at the time consumer demand is flowing down the sidewalk.
In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith insightfully noted that “Nothing is more
useful than water; but it will purchase scarce any thing.” In analyzing Smith’s
seminal work, P.J. O’Rourke tried to clear up any confusion with a humorous
illustration: “With an additional eight ounces of water, all we get is a trip to the
bathroom in the middle of the night. With an additional eight ounces of gold, we
get the upfront payment to lease a Lexus. Marginal Utility explains why gold, vital
to the life of no one except hip-hop performers and fiancés, is so high-priced.”
ESTABLISHING THE VALUE OF TAP WATER
Here’s the point: The value of any product, water included, is established subjectively
by the consumer’s perception of its importance. Thus, to establish the
value of tap water, we must also include its diminishing marginal utility—that
is, how it is being used, how much is being used, and for how long it will be
needed or demanded.
4 SEPTEMBER 2013 | JOURNAL AWWA • 105:9 | GOETZ
In the dual-pipe system, outside (nonpotable) and inside (potable) water usages
are separated, so the rates are different. This system has the luxury of fitting
within the two very different perceptions of value. A utility in a new development
may carry potable water in one line and nonpotable water in another. Rates for
untreated water are less than those for tap water, and the billing statement carries
two line items to objectify the very subjective way most consumers value water.
It also works well for separating out increasing tier rates. In this case, consumers
can align the quality of water with its usage—there is, after all, no need to irrigate
with treated water.
Alas, a dual-pipe system is rare, and most utilities cannot segregate indoor from
outdoor water usage. So what happens? As the average consumer’s personal needs
for water are met, the diminishing marginal utility of water decreases. At the
same time, water rates are unchanged, or even go up with usage if increasing tier
rates are employed. This flies in the face of the very natural question that many
consumers have: Why is the first, most valuable gallon of water the cheapest, but
the last and least valuable gallon the most expensive?
People value water less with the more they use, so perhaps visual clues are in
order to emphasize the differences on the billing statement. By parsing the billing
statement in this way— indicating the first tier of water would represent the
average indoor usage for a household—utilities could begin leveraging a huge
educational tool.
Generally, people don’t like paying more when they use more, especially
because many of those last 1,000 gallons flowed down the driveway. Perhaps the
value of water could become more of a straight line rather than a plunging roller
coaster that largely ignores the relationship between consumption and marginal
utility. Current industry best practices emphasize environmentally friendly pricing,
but increasing evidence indicates skepticism among consumers about pricing
strategies that conflict with their own values.
One must ask, is it time to rethink how pricing strategies that, in real life, may
or may not encourage water conservation in favor of framing those same rates
to recognize how most people value water by its usage?

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