In other words, social relations make us human, construct us ‘into the terjemahan - In other words, social relations make us human, construct us ‘into the Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

In other words, social relations ma

In other words, social relations make us human, construct us ‘into the
kind of beings that we are’ (C 59). At the same time, through deeds and
speaking, we use the raw materials of nature to make the world what
it is (C 59). That is to say, constructivism is based on the notion that
society and people make each other in an ongoing, two-way process.
Deeds, which may consist in speech acts or physical actions, make the
world (WOM 36). For deeds to be able to construct reality, they must
have meaning. According to Onuf, meaning in human social relations
depends on the existence of rules (WOM 21–2). Accordingly, his constructivism
asserts the fundamental significance of rules for social reality
and consequently for a constructivist social theory (WOM 66). Rules
regulate aspects of the world but, from a constructivist point of view,
they also always constitute situations in the first place (C 68; see also
WOM 51).
Hence, any analysis of social life must start with rules. A rule, according
to Onuf, ‘is a statement that tells people what [they] should do’
(C 59; see also WOM 51). Rules provide guidance for human behaviour
and thereby make shared meaning possible. Moreover, they create the
possibility of agency (CIS 6). People, as well as social constructs such as
states, become agents in society only through rules. At the same time,
rules provide agents with choices, most fundamentally with the choice
of following or breaking them (C 59–60). Agents have goals in mind
and ‘they do the best they can to achieve their goals with the means
that nature and society . . . make available to them’ (C 60). Agents act
within an institutional context, that is, within the context of stable patterns
of rules and related practices, but at the same time they act on this
context. Thereby, they collectively change it but not according to their
own choosing. Actions often have unintended consequences. Rules,
institutions and unintended consequences form stable patterns called
structures (C 61).
Onuf’s conceptualisation of rules depends on speech acts. A speech
act is the ‘act of speaking in a form that gets someone else to act’
(C 66). Thus language is performative, rather than merely descriptive
(WOM 82). Speech acts follow the pattern: ‘I (you, etc.) hereby assert
(demand, promise) to anyone hearing me that some state of affairs exists
or can be achieved’ (C 66). Onuf classifies them into three categories,
namely assertives, directives and commissives, depending on how the
speaker intends to have an effect on the world. The success of speech
acts depends on the addressee’s response. They only work within a
specific situation. If, however, a speech act is frequently repeated with
20
Three constructivisms
comparable consequences, it turns into a convention (C 66). Once agents
accept that they should do something they have repeatedly been doing,
the convention becomes a rule. Rules retain the form of a speech act
but generalise the relation between speaker and hearer. Finally, Onuf
argues, ‘agents recognize that they should follow the rules in question
because they are rules and for no other reason’
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In other words, social relations make us human, construct us ‘into thekind of beings that we are’ (C 59). At the same time, through deeds andspeaking, we use the raw materials of nature to make the world whatit is (C 59). That is to say, constructivism is based on the notion thatsociety and people make each other in an ongoing, two-way process.Deeds, which may consist in speech acts or physical actions, make theworld (WOM 36). For deeds to be able to construct reality, they musthave meaning. According to Onuf, meaning in human social relationsdepends on the existence of rules (WOM 21–2). Accordingly, his constructivismasserts the fundamental significance of rules for social realityand consequently for a constructivist social theory (WOM 66). Rulesregulate aspects of the world but, from a constructivist point of view,they also always constitute situations in the first place (C 68; see alsoWOM 51).Hence, any analysis of social life must start with rules. A rule, accordingto Onuf, ‘is a statement that tells people what [they] should do’(C 59; see also WOM 51). Rules provide guidance for human behaviourand thereby make shared meaning possible. Moreover, they create thepossibility of agency (CIS 6). People, as well as social constructs such asstates, become agents in society only through rules. At the same time,rules provide agents with choices, most fundamentally with the choiceof following or breaking them (C 59–60). Agents have goals in mindand ‘they do the best they can to achieve their goals with the meansthat nature and society . . . make available to them’ (C 60). Agents actwithin an institutional context, that is, within the context of stable patternsof rules and related practices, but at the same time they act on thiscontext. Thereby, they collectively change it but not according to theirown choosing. Actions often have unintended consequences. Rules,institutions and unintended consequences form stable patterns calledstructures (C 61).Onuf’s conceptualisation of rules depends on speech acts. A speechact is the ‘act of speaking in a form that gets someone else to act’(C 66). Thus language is performative, rather than merely descriptive(WOM 82). Speech acts follow the pattern: ‘I (you, etc.) hereby assert(demand, promise) to anyone hearing me that some state of affairs existsor can be achieved’ (C 66). Onuf classifies them into three categories,namely assertives, directives and commissives, depending on how thespeaker intends to have an effect on the world. The success of speechacts depends on the addressee’s response. They only work within aspecific situation. If, however, a speech act is frequently repeated with20Three constructivismscomparable consequences, it turns into a convention (C 66). Once agentsaccept that they should do something they have repeatedly been doing,the convention becomes a rule. Rules retain the form of a speech actbut generalise the relation between speaker and hearer. Finally, Onufargues, ‘agents recognize that they should follow the rules in questionbecause they are rules and for no other reason’
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Dengan kata lain, hubungan sosial membuat kita manusia, membangun kita 'ke dalam
jenis makhluk yang kita' (C 59). Pada saat yang sama, melalui perbuatan dan
berbicara, kami menggunakan bahan baku dari alam untuk membuat dunia apa
itu (C 59). Artinya, konstruktivisme didasarkan pada gagasan bahwa
masyarakat dan orang membuat satu sama lain dalam sedang berlangsung, proses dua arah.
Deeds, yang mungkin terdiri dalam tindak tutur atau tindakan fisik, membuat
dunia (WOM 36). Untuk perbuatan untuk dapat membangun realitas, mereka harus
memiliki makna. Menurut Onuf, yang berarti dalam hubungan sosial manusia
tergantung pada keberadaan aturan (WOM 21-2). Dengan demikian, konstruktivisme nya
menegaskan pentingnya dasar aturan untuk realitas sosial
dan akibatnya untuk teori sosial konstruktivis (WOM 66). Aturan
mengatur aspek dunia tetapi, dari sudut pandang konstruktivis pandang,
mereka juga selalu merupakan situasi di tempat pertama (C 68; lihat juga
WOM 51).
Oleh karena itu, setiap analisis kehidupan sosial harus dimulai dengan aturan. Sebuah aturan, menurut
ke Onuf, 'adalah pernyataan yang memberitahu orang apa yang [mereka] harus melakukan'
(C 59; lihat juga WOM 51). Aturan memberikan panduan bagi perilaku manusia
dan dengan demikian membuat makna bersama mungkin. Selain itu, mereka menciptakan
kemungkinan lembaga (CIS 6). Orang, serta konstruksi sosial seperti
negara, menjadi agen dalam masyarakat hanya melalui aturan. Pada saat yang sama,
aturan menyediakan agen dengan pilihan, yang paling mendasar dengan pilihan
berikut atau melanggar mereka (C 59-60). Agen memiliki tujuan dalam pikiran
dan 'mereka melakukan yang terbaik yang mereka bisa untuk mencapai tujuan mereka dengan cara
yang alam dan masyarakat. . . membuat tersedia untuk mereka '(C60). Agen bertindak
dalam konteks kelembagaan, yaitu, dalam konteks pola yang stabil
dari peraturan dan praktik yang terkait, tetapi pada saat yang sama mereka bertindak atas ini
konteks. Dengan demikian, mereka secara kolektif mengubahnya tetapi tidak sesuai dengan mereka
memilih sendiri. Tindakan sering memiliki konsekuensi yang tidak diinginkan. Aturan,
lembaga dan konsekuensi yang tidak diinginkan membentuk pola yang stabil disebut
struktur (C 61).
Konseptualisasi Onuf tentang aturan tergantung pada tindak tutur. Pidato
tindakan adalah 'tindakan berbicara dalam bentuk yang mendapat orang lain untuk bertindak'
(C 66). Jadi bahasa performatif, bukan hanya deskriptif
(WOM 82). Pidato bertindak mengikuti pola: "Aku (Anda, dll) dengan ini menegaskan
(permintaan, janji) kepada siapa pun mendengar saya bahwa beberapa keadaan ada
atau dapat dicapai '(C 66). Onuf mengklasifikasikan mereka ke dalam tiga kategori,
yaitu assertives, arahan dan commissives, tergantung pada bagaimana
pembicara bermaksud untuk memiliki efek pada dunia. Keberhasilan pidato
tindakan tergantung pada respon penerima itu. Mereka hanya bekerja dalam
situasi tertentu. Namun, jika tindak tutur sering diulang dengan
20
Tiga constructivisms
konsekuensi sebanding, itu berubah menjadi sebuah konvensi (C 66). Setelah agen
menerima bahwa mereka harus melakukan sesuatu yang mereka telah berulang kali melakukan,
konvensi menjadi aturan. Aturan mempertahankan bentuk tindak tutur
tetapi generalisasi hubungan antara pembicara dan pendengar. Akhirnya, Onuf
berpendapat, 'agen mengakui bahwa mereka harus mengikuti aturan tersebut
karena mereka aturan dan tidak ada alasan lain'
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