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In other words, social relations make us human, construct us ‘into thekind of beings that we are’ (C 59). At the same time, through deeds andspeaking, we use the raw materials of nature to make the world whatit is (C 59). That is to say, constructivism is based on the notion thatsociety and people make each other in an ongoing, two-way process.Deeds, which may consist in speech acts or physical actions, make theworld (WOM 36). For deeds to be able to construct reality, they musthave meaning. According to Onuf, meaning in human social relationsdepends on the existence of rules (WOM 21–2). Accordingly, his constructivismasserts the fundamental significance of rules for social realityand consequently for a constructivist social theory (WOM 66). Rulesregulate aspects of the world but, from a constructivist point of view,they also always constitute situations in the first place (C 68; see alsoWOM 51).Hence, any analysis of social life must start with rules. A rule, accordingto Onuf, ‘is a statement that tells people what [they] should do’(C 59; see also WOM 51). Rules provide guidance for human behaviourand thereby make shared meaning possible. Moreover, they create thepossibility of agency (CIS 6). People, as well as social constructs such asstates, become agents in society only through rules. At the same time,rules provide agents with choices, most fundamentally with the choiceof following or breaking them (C 59–60). Agents have goals in mindand ‘they do the best they can to achieve their goals with the meansthat nature and society . . . make available to them’ (C 60). Agents actwithin an institutional context, that is, within the context of stable patternsof rules and related practices, but at the same time they act on thiscontext. Thereby, they collectively change it but not according to theirown choosing. Actions often have unintended consequences. Rules,institutions and unintended consequences form stable patterns calledstructures (C 61).Onuf’s conceptualisation of rules depends on speech acts. A speechact is the ‘act of speaking in a form that gets someone else to act’(C 66). Thus language is performative, rather than merely descriptive(WOM 82). Speech acts follow the pattern: ‘I (you, etc.) hereby assert(demand, promise) to anyone hearing me that some state of affairs existsor can be achieved’ (C 66). Onuf classifies them into three categories,namely assertives, directives and commissives, depending on how thespeaker intends to have an effect on the world. The success of speechacts depends on the addressee’s response. They only work within aspecific situation. If, however, a speech act is frequently repeated with20Three constructivismscomparable consequences, it turns into a convention (C 66). Once agentsaccept that they should do something they have repeatedly been doing,the convention becomes a rule. Rules retain the form of a speech actbut generalise the relation between speaker and hearer. Finally, Onufargues, ‘agents recognize that they should follow the rules in questionbecause they are rules and for no other reason’
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