This table presents descriptive statistics for the variables used in t terjemahan - This table presents descriptive statistics for the variables used in t Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

This table presents descriptive sta

This table presents descriptive statistics for the variables used in the empirical analyses. The sample is comprised of 16,340 firm-years spanning the period 1993 through 2010. Financial reporting delay, DELAY, is measured as the number of calendar days from firm i’s fiscal year-end to the annual earnings announcement date. The book effective tax rate, ETR, is computed as total tax expense (Compustat TXTi,t) divided by pretax book income less special items (Compustat PIi,t - SPIi,t). The current cash effective tax rate, CETR, is computed as total cash taxes paid (Compustat TXPDi,t) divided by pretax book income less special items (Compustat PIi,t - SPIi,t). Total book-tax difference, BTD, is computed using the Hanlon et al. (2005) methodology. Discretionary tax planning, DTAX, is computed following Frank et al. (2009). Earnings surprise, UE, is computed as the difference between actual earnings per share minus the mean analyst consensus forecast immediately preceding the earnings announcement date, scaled by lagged fiscal year-end stock price. EXTR, is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm has reported extraordinary items during the fiscal year. LOSS is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm reports negative net income during the fiscal year. OPIN is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm did not receive a standard, unqualified audit opinion for the most recent fiscal year. FYE is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm has a December 31 fiscal year end. BIG4 is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm was audited by one of the Big Four audit firms. SIZE is measured as the natural log of total assets (Compustat ATi,t). Litigation risk, LIT, is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm’s SIC code is in 2833–3836, 3570–3577, 3600–3674, 5200–5961, 7370–7374. Market-to-book ratio, MTB, is computed as the ratio of market value of equity (Compustat PRCC_Fi,t 9 CSHOi,t) to book value of equity (Compustat CEQi,t). Leverage, LEV, is computed as total long term debt (Compustat DLTTi,t) divided by total assets (Compustat ATi,t). Financial distress, DISTRESS, is measured using Zmijewski’s (1984) prediction model. Share-based volatility, VOL, is measured as the natural logarithm of the ratio of total common shares traded during the year (Compustat CSHTR_Ci,t) to total common shares outstanding at fiscal year-end (Compustat CSHOi,t). Share concentration ratio, CON, is measured as total shares outstanding (Compustat CSHOi,t) divided by total shareholders (Compustat CSHRi,t). PPE is computed as net property, plant and equipment (Compustat PPENTi,t) divided by total assets (Compustat ATi,t). Pretax discretionary accruals, ACC, is computed following Frank et al. (2009). Effective tax rates (ETR and CETR) are constrained to lie on the [0,1] interval. Firms with negative pretax book income (Compustat PIi,t), total tax expense (Compustat TXTi,t) or cash taxes paid (Compustat TXPDi,t) are omitted from the analysis. Utilities and financial firms are excluded from the sample. All continuous variables are winsorized at the 1 and 99 % level

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This table presents descriptive statistics for the variables used in the empirical analyses. The sample is comprised of 16,340 firm-years spanning the period 1993 through 2010. Financial reporting delay, DELAY, is measured as the number of calendar days from firm i’s fiscal year-end to the annual earnings announcement date. The book effective tax rate, ETR, is computed as total tax expense (Compustat TXTi,t) divided by pretax book income less special items (Compustat PIi,t - SPIi,t). The current cash effective tax rate, CETR, is computed as total cash taxes paid (Compustat TXPDi,t) divided by pretax book income less special items (Compustat PIi,t - SPIi,t). Total book-tax difference, BTD, is computed using the Hanlon et al. (2005) methodology. Discretionary tax planning, DTAX, is computed following Frank et al. (2009). Earnings surprise, UE, is computed as the difference between actual earnings per share minus the mean analyst consensus forecast immediately preceding the earnings announcement date, scaled by lagged fiscal year-end stock price. EXTR, is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm has reported extraordinary items during the fiscal year. LOSS is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm reports negative net income during the fiscal year. OPIN is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm did not receive a standard, unqualified audit opinion for the most recent fiscal year. FYE is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm has a December 31 fiscal year end. BIG4 is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm was audited by one of the Big Four audit firms. SIZE is measured as the natural log of total assets (Compustat ATi,t). Litigation risk, LIT, is an indicator variable equal to one if the firm’s SIC code is in 2833–3836, 3570–3577, 3600–3674, 5200–5961, 7370–7374. Market-to-book ratio, MTB, is computed as the ratio of market value of equity (Compustat PRCC_Fi,t 9 CSHOi,t) to book value of equity (Compustat CEQi,t). Leverage, LEV, is computed as total long term debt (Compustat DLTTi,t) divided by total assets (Compustat ATi,t). Financial distress, DISTRESS, is measured using Zmijewski’s (1984) prediction model. Share-based volatility, VOL, is measured as the natural logarithm of the ratio of total common shares traded during the year (Compustat CSHTR_Ci,t) to total common shares outstanding at fiscal year-end (Compustat CSHOi,t). Share concentration ratio, CON, is measured as total shares outstanding (Compustat CSHOi,t) divided by total shareholders (Compustat CSHRi,t). PPE is computed as net property, plant and equipment (Compustat PPENTi,t) divided by total assets (Compustat ATi,t). Pretax discretionary accruals, ACC, is computed following Frank et al. (2009). Effective tax rates (ETR and CETR) are constrained to lie on the [0,1] interval. Firms with negative pretax book income (Compustat PIi,t), total tax expense (Compustat TXTi,t) or cash taxes paid (Compustat TXPDi,t) are omitted from the analysis. Utilities and financial firms are excluded from the sample. All continuous variables are winsorized at the 1 and 99 % level
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Tabel ini menyajikan statistik deskriptif untuk variabel yang digunakan dalam analisis empiris. Sampel terdiri dari 16.340 fi rm-tahun yang mencakup periode 1993 sampai 2010. keterlambatan pelaporan keuangan, DELAY, diukur sebagai jumlah hari kalender dari fi rm i fiscal akhir tahun dengan tanggal pengumuman laba tahunan. Buku tarif pajak yang berlaku, ETR, dihitung sebagai jumlah beban pajak (Compustat TXTi, t) dibagi dengan pendapatan buku sebelum pajak item kurang khusus (Compustat PII, t - SPII, t). Kas tarif pajak yang berlaku saat ini, CETR, dihitung sebagai jumlah pajak kas yang dibayarkan (Compustat TXPDi, t) dibagi dengan pendapatan buku sebelum pajak item kurang khusus (Compustat PII, t - SPII, t). Total perbedaan buku-pajak, BTD, dihitung dengan menggunakan Hanlon et al. (2005) metodologi. perencanaan pajak Discretionary, DTAX, dihitung sebagai berikut Frank et al. (2009). Laba kejutan, UE, dihitung sebagai perbedaan antara laba aktual per saham dikurangi perkiraan rata-rata konsensus analis segera sebelum tanggal pengumuman pendapatan, skala oleh fiscal harga saham akhir tahun tertinggal. EXTR, adalah variabel indikator sama dengan satu jika perusahaan telah melaporkan item luar biasa selama tahun fiskal. RUGI adalah variabel indikator sama dengan satu jika perusahaan melaporkan laba bersih negatif selama tahun fiskal. Opin adalah variabel indikator sama dengan satu jika perusahaan tidak menerima standar, unquali fi ed opini audit untuk tahun fiscal terbaru. FYE adalah variabel indikator sama dengan satu jika perusahaan memiliki 31 Desember fiscal akhir tahun. BIG4 adalah variabel indikator sama dengan satu jika perusahaan diaudit oleh salah satu Big Four pemeriksaan fi rms. SIZE diukur sebagai log natural dari total aset (Compustat ATi, t). risiko litigasi, LIT, adalah variabel indikator sama dengan satu jika perusahaan kode SIC di 2833-3836, 3570-3577, 3600-3674, 5200-5961, 7370-7374. Market-to-book ratio, MTB, dihitung sebagai rasio nilai pasar ekuitas (Compustat PRCC_Fi, t 9 CSHOi, t) terhadap nilai buku ekuitas (Compustat CEQi, t). Leverage, LEV, dihitung sebagai total hutang jangka panjang (Compustat DLTTi, t) dibagi dengan total aset (Compustat ATi, t). kesulitan keuangan, DISTRESS, diukur dengan menggunakan model (1984) prediksi Zmijewski ini. saham berbasis volatilitas, VOL, diukur sebagai logaritma natural dari rasio total saham biasa diperdagangkan selama tahun (Compustat CSHTR_Ci, t) terhadap total saham yang beredar di fiscal akhir tahun (Compustat CSHOi, t). rasio konsentrasi Share, CON, diukur sebagai total saham beredar (Compustat CSHOi, t) dibagi dengan total pemegang saham (Compustat CSHRi, t). PPE dihitung sebagai net properti, pabrik dan peralatan (Compustat PPENTi, t) dibagi dengan total aset (Compustat ATi, t). akrual diskresioner sebelum pajak, ACC, dihitung sebagai berikut Frank et al. (2009). tarif pajak yang berlaku (ETR dan CETR) yang dibatasi untuk berbaring di [0,1] interval. Perusahaan-perusahaan dengan pendapatan negatif sebelum pajak buku (Compustat PII, t), beban pajak (Compustat TXTi, t) atau pajak kas yang dibayarkan (Compustat TXPDi, t) dihilangkan dari analisis. Utilitas dan perusahaan-perusahaan finansial dikecualikan dari sampel. Semua variabel kontinu winsorized di tingkat 1 dan 99%

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