Exhibit 18.14 demonstrates the yield level effect. In these examples,  terjemahan - Exhibit 18.14 demonstrates the yield level effect. In these examples,  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Exhibit 18.14 demonstrates the yiel

Exhibit 18.14 demonstrates the yield level effect. In these examples, all the bonds have the
same 20-year maturity and the same 4 percent coupon. In the first three cases, the YTM changed
by a constant 33.3 percent (i.e., from 3 percent to 4 percent, from 6 percent to 8 percent,
and from 9 percent to 12 percent). Note that the first change is 100 basis points, the second is
200 basis points, and the third is 300 basis points. The results in the first three columns confirm
the statement that when rates change by a constant percentage, the change in the bond
price is larger when the rates are at a higher level.
The fourth column shows that if you assume a constant basis-point change in yields, you get
the opposite results. Specifically, a 100 basis-point change in yields from 3 percent to 4 percent
provides a price change of 14.1 percent, while the same 100 basis-point change from 9 percent
to 10 percent results in a price change of only 11 percent. Therefore, the yield level effect can
differ, depending on whether the yield change is specified as a constant percentage change or a
constant basis-point change.
Thus, the price volatility of a bond for a given change in yield (i.e., its interest rate sensitivity)
is affected by the bond’s coupon, its term to maturity, the level of yields (depending on
what kind of change in yield), and the direction of the yield change. However, although both
the level and the direction of change in yields affect price volatility, they cannot be used for
trading strategies because the portfolio manager cannot control these variables. When yields
change, the two variables that have a dramatic effect on a bond’s interest rate sensitivity are
coupon and maturity.
18.8.1 Trading Strategies
Knowing that coupon and maturity are the major variables that influence a bond’s interest rate
sensitivity, we can develop some strategies for maximizing rates of return when interest rates
change. Specifically, if you expect a major decline in interest rates, you know that bond prices
will increase, so you want a portfolio of bonds with the maximum interest rate sensitivity so
that you will enjoy maximum price changes (capital gains) from the change in interest rates.
In this situation, the previous discussion regarding the effect of maturity and coupon indicates
that you should attempt to build a portfolio of long-maturity bonds with low coupons (ideally,
a long-term zero coupon bond). A portfolio of such bonds should experience the maximum
price appreciation for a given decline in market interest rates.
In contrast, if you expect an increase in market interest rates, you know that bond prices
will decline, and you want a portfolio with minimum interest rate sensitivity to minimize the
capital losses caused by the increase in rates. Therefore, you would want to change your portfolio
to short-maturity bonds with high coupons. This combination should experience minimal
price volatility for a change in market interest rates.
18.8.2 Duration Measures
Because the price volatility (interest rate sensitivity) of a bond varies inversely with its coupon
and positively with its term to maturity, it is necessary to determine the best combination of
these two variables to achieve your objective. This effort would benefit from a composite measure
that considered both coupon and maturity.
A composite measure of the interest rate sensitivity of a bond is referred to as duration.
This concept and its development as a tool in bond analysis and portfolio management have
existed for over 75 years. Notably, several specifications of duration have been derived over the
past 25 years. First, Macaulay duration, developed over 75 years ago by Frederick Macaulay
(1938), is a measure of the time flow of cash from a bond. A modified version of Macaulay
duration can be used under certain conditions to indicate the price volatility of a bond in response
to interest rate changes. Second, modified duration is derived by making a small adjustment
(modification) to the Macaulay duration value. As will be discussed, under certain
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Exhibit 18.14 demonstrates the yield level effect. In these examples, all the bonds have thesame 20-year maturity and the same 4 percent coupon. In the first three cases, the YTM changedby a constant 33.3 percent (i.e., from 3 percent to 4 percent, from 6 percent to 8 percent,and from 9 percent to 12 percent). Note that the first change is 100 basis points, the second is200 basis points, and the third is 300 basis points. The results in the first three columns confirmthe statement that when rates change by a constant percentage, the change in the bondprice is larger when the rates are at a higher level.The fourth column shows that if you assume a constant basis-point change in yields, you getthe opposite results. Specifically, a 100 basis-point change in yields from 3 percent to 4 percentprovides a price change of 14.1 percent, while the same 100 basis-point change from 9 percentto 10 percent results in a price change of only 11 percent. Therefore, the yield level effect candiffer, depending on whether the yield change is specified as a constant percentage change or aconstant basis-point change.Thus, the price volatility of a bond for a given change in yield (i.e., its interest rate sensitivity)is affected by the bond’s coupon, its term to maturity, the level of yields (depending onwhat kind of change in yield), and the direction of the yield change. However, although boththe level and the direction of change in yields affect price volatility, they cannot be used fortrading strategies because the portfolio manager cannot control these variables. When yieldschange, the two variables that have a dramatic effect on a bond’s interest rate sensitivity arecoupon and maturity.18.8.1 Trading StrategiesKnowing that coupon and maturity are the major variables that influence a bond’s interest ratesensitivity, we can develop some strategies for maximizing rates of return when interest rateschange. Specifically, if you expect a major decline in interest rates, you know that bond priceswill increase, so you want a portfolio of bonds with the maximum interest rate sensitivity sothat you will enjoy maximum price changes (capital gains) from the change in interest rates.In this situation, the previous discussion regarding the effect of maturity and coupon indicatesthat you should attempt to build a portfolio of long-maturity bonds with low coupons (ideally,a long-term zero coupon bond). A portfolio of such bonds should experience the maximumprice appreciation for a given decline in market interest rates.In contrast, if you expect an increase in market interest rates, you know that bond priceswill decline, and you want a portfolio with minimum interest rate sensitivity to minimize thecapital losses caused by the increase in rates. Therefore, you would want to change your portfolioto short-maturity bonds with high coupons. This combination should experience minimalprice volatility for a change in market interest rates.18.8.2 Duration MeasuresBecause the price volatility (interest rate sensitivity) of a bond varies inversely with its couponand positively with its term to maturity, it is necessary to determine the best combination ofthese two variables to achieve your objective. This effort would benefit from a composite measurethat considered both coupon and maturity.A composite measure of the interest rate sensitivity of a bond is referred to as duration.This concept and its development as a tool in bond analysis and portfolio management haveexisted for over 75 years. Notably, several specifications of duration have been derived over thepast 25 years. First, Macaulay duration, developed over 75 years ago by Frederick Macaulay(1938), is a measure of the time flow of cash from a bond. A modified version of Macaulayduration can be used under certain conditions to indicate the price volatility of a bond in responseto interest rate changes. Second, modified duration is derived by making a small adjustment(modification) to the Macaulay duration value. As will be discussed, under certain
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Pameran 18,14 menunjukkan efek tingkat yield. Dalam contoh ini, semua obligasi memiliki
yang sama jatuh tempo 20 tahun dan sama kupon 4 persen. Dalam tiga kasus pertama, YTM berubah
oleh 33,3 persen konstan (yaitu, dari 3 persen menjadi 4 persen, dari 6 persen menjadi 8 persen,
dan dari 9 persen menjadi 12 persen). Perhatikan bahwa perubahan pertama adalah 100 basis poin, yang kedua adalah
200 basis poin, dan ketiga adalah 300 basis poin. Hasil di tiga kolom mengkonfirmasi
pernyataan bahwa ketika harga berubah dengan persentase konstan, perubahan dalam ikatan
harga yang lebih besar ketika harga berada pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi.
Kolom keempat menunjukkan bahwa jika Anda menganggap perubahan basis poin konstan imbal hasil, Anda mendapatkan
hasil yang berlawanan. Secara khusus, perubahan 100 basis poin dalam hasil dari 3 persen menjadi 4 persen
memberikan perubahan harga 14,1 persen, sedangkan yang sama perubahan 100 basis poin dari 9 persen
menjadi 10 persen pada hasil perubahan harga hanya 11 persen. Oleh karena itu, efek tingkat yield bisa
berbeda, tergantung pada apakah perubahan yield ditentukan sebagai persentase perubahan konstan atau
perubahan basis poin konstan.
Dengan demikian, volatilitas harga obligasi untuk perubahan yang diberikan dalam hasil (yaitu, suku bunga sensitivitas)
dipengaruhi oleh kupon obligasi, masa tugasnya hingga jatuh tempo, tingkat imbal hasil (tergantung pada
apa jenis perubahan yield), dan arah perubahan yield. Namun, meskipun kedua
tingkat dan arah perubahan yield mempengaruhi volatilitas harga, mereka tidak dapat digunakan untuk
strategi trading karena manajer portofolio tidak bisa mengendalikan variabel-variabel ini. Ketika hasil
mengubah, dua variabel yang memiliki efek dramatis pada sensitivitas tingkat bunga obligasi ini adalah
kupon dan kematangan.
18.8.1 Strategi Trading
Mengetahui bahwa kupon dan jatuh tempo adalah variabel utama yang mempengaruhi tingkat suku bunga obligasi ini
sensitivitas, kita dapat mengembangkan beberapa strategi untuk memaksimalkan tingkat pengembalian ketika suku bunga
berubah. Secara khusus, jika Anda mengharapkan penurunan besar dalam tingkat suku bunga, Anda tahu bahwa harga obligasi
akan meningkat, sehingga Anda ingin portofolio obligasi dengan sensitivitas tingkat bunga maksimum sehingga
bahwa Anda akan menikmati perubahan harga maksimum (capital gain) dari perubahan bunga tarif.
Dalam situasi ini, pembahasan sebelumnya mengenai efek jatuh tempo dan kupon menunjukkan
bahwa Anda harus berusaha untuk membangun sebuah portofolio obligasi lama jatuh tempo dengan kupon rendah (idealnya,
kupon obligasi jangka panjang nol). Sebuah portofolio obligasi tersebut harus mengalami maksimum
apresiasi harga untuk penurunan yang diberikan suku bunga pasar.
Sebaliknya, jika Anda mengharapkan kenaikan suku bunga pasar, Anda tahu bahwa harga obligasi
akan menurun, dan Anda ingin portofolio dengan tingkat bunga minimum sensitivitas untuk meminimalkan
kerugian modal disebabkan oleh kenaikan tarif. Oleh karena itu, Anda akan ingin mengubah portofolio Anda
untuk obligasi pendek jatuh tempo dengan kupon yang tinggi. Kombinasi ini harus mengalami minimal
volatilitas harga untuk perubahan suku bunga pasar.
18.8.2 Tindakan Durasi
Karena volatilitas harga (sensitivitas suku bunga) obligasi berbanding terbalik dengan kupon yang
dan positif dengan masa tugasnya hingga jatuh tempo, maka perlu untuk menentukan kombinasi terbaik dari
kedua variabel untuk mencapai tujuan Anda. Upaya ini akan mendapat manfaat dari suatu ukuran gabungan
yang dianggap baik kupon dan jatuh tempo.
Sebuah ukuran gabungan dari sensitivitas tingkat bunga obligasi disebut sebagai durasi.
Konsep ini dan perkembangannya sebagai alat dalam analisis obligasi dan manajemen portofolio telah
ada selama lebih dari 75 tahun. Khususnya, beberapa spesifikasi dari durasi telah diturunkan selama
25 tahun terakhir. Pertama, durasi Macaulay, yang dikembangkan lebih dari 75 tahun yang lalu oleh Frederick Macaulay
(1938), adalah ukuran dari arus saat kas dari obligasi. Sebuah versi modifikasi dari Macaulay
durasi dapat digunakan dalam kondisi tertentu untuk menunjukkan volatilitas harga obligasi dalam menanggapi
terhadap perubahan suku bunga. Kedua, durasi dimodifikasi diperoleh dengan membuat penyesuaian kecil
(modifikasi) dengan nilai durasi Macaulay. Seperti yang akan dibahas, di bawah tertentu
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.

Copyright ©2025 I Love Translation. All reserved.

E-mail: