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Program bantuan pemerintah ekspor AS1 Amerika Serikat Pusat Bantuan ekspor,www.SBA.gov/OIT/Export/useac.htmlMenyediakan bantuan di ekspor pemasaran dan trade finance2 perdagangan internasional administrasi,www.Ita.doc.gov/Menawarkan bantuan dan informasi untuk eksportir melalui yangpetugas komersial domestik dan luar negeri3 AS dan Jasa komersial Asing,www.export.gov/Membantu perusahaan-perusahaan AS yang bersaing lebih efektif dalam globalpasar dan menyediakan informasi mengenai pasar luar negeriPusat advokasi 4,www.Ita.doc.gov/advocacyMemfasilitasi advokasi untuk membantu perusahaan-perusahaan AS yang bersaing untuk utamaproyek-proyek dan pengadaan di seluruh duniaPusat informasi perdagangan 5,www.Ita.doc.gov/TD/Tic/Menyediakan U.S. perusahaan informasi tentang program federal dankegiatan yang mendukung ekspor AS6 STAT-USA/Internet,www.stat-USA.gov/Menawarkan koleksi yang komprehensif Bisnis, ekonomi, danperdagangan informasi di WebAdministrasi bisnis kecil 7,www.SBA.gov/OIT/Menerbitkan banyak panduan yang berguna untuk membantu berukuran kecil dan sedangperusahaan8 perdagangan nasional Data Bank,www.stat-USA.gov/tradtest.NSFMenyediakan ekonomi internasional dan ekspor-promosiinformasi yang diberikan oleh badan-badan AS yang lebih dari 20agen dapat membantu perusahaan-perusahaan Amerika untuk bersaing di pasar luar negeri dan menciptakan lapangan kerja barudi Amerika Serikat. Sebagai contoh, dalam 2011 pemerintahan perdagangan internasionalmisi perdagangan 77 terkoordinasi untuk 38 negara. Lebih dari 1,120 perusahaan yang dijaminlebih dari $1,25 miliar di ekspor penjualan selama misi ini. Tabel 3.5 memberikan ikhtisarprogram bantuan ekspor yang dipilih.Lain sumber ekspor informasi ini dan meningkatkan peluang bisnisdari perusahaan-perusahaan AS mencari untuk memperluas pasar luar negeri. Faktor lain energi vitalpembiayaan.Pembiayaan bisnis internasionalPerdagangan internasional senyawa keprihatinan manajer keuangan. Penukaran Valuta Asingharga, tarif dan kontrol devisa dan struktur pajak negara-negara tuan rumah semuamempengaruhi operasi internasional dan aliran kas. Selain itu, manajer keuanganharus prihatin dengan pembiayaan operasi internasional mereka dan dengancara yang tersedia untuk pelanggan mereka untuk membiayai pembelian.Untungnya, bersama dengan bisnis secara umum, sejumlah besar Bank telah menjadiskala internasional. Banyak telah mendirikan cabang di kota-kota besar di seluruh dunia.Dengan demikian, seperti perusahaan di industri lain, mereka mampu memberikan layanan mereka mana danketika mereka dibutuhkan. Selain itu, bantuan keuangan tersedia dari pemerintah ASdan sumber-sumber internasional.Beberapa organisasi keuangan internasional sekarang didirikan bertahun-tahunlalu untuk memfasilitasi perdagangan bebas dan pertukaran mata uang bangsa. Beberapa, sepertisebagai Inter-American Development Bank, yang didukung secara internasional dan fokus padanegara-negara berkembang. Lain, seperti Bank ekspor-impor, dioperasikan oleh salah satucountry but provide international financing.The Export-Import Bank of the United StatesThe Export-Import Bank of the United States, created in 1934, is an independentagency of the U.S. government whose function is to assist in financing the exports ofAmerican firms. Ex-Im Bank, as it is commonly called, extends and guarantees creditto overseas buyers of American goods and services and guarantees short-term financingfor exports. It also cooperates with commercial banks in helping American exportersto offer credit to their overseas customers.91According to Fred P. Hochberg, chairman and presidentof Ex-Im Bank, “Working with private lenders weare helping U.S. exporters put Americans to work producingthe high quality goods and services that foreignbuyers prefer. As part of President Obama’s NationalExport Initiative, Ex-Im Bank’s export financing is contributingto the goal of doubling of U.S. exports withinthe next five years.”Multilateral Development BanksA multilateral development bank (MDB) is an internationallysupported bank that provides loans to developing countriesto help them grow. The most familiar is the World Bank, acooperative of 187 member countries, which operates worldwide.Established in 1944 and headquartered in Washington, DC,the bank provides low-interest loans, interest-free credits, andgrants to developing countries. The loans and grants help thesecountries to:●● supply safe drinking water
●● build schools and train teachers
●● increase agricultural productivity
●● expand citizens’ access to markets, jobs, and housing
●● improve health care and access to water and sanitation
●● manage forests and other natural resources
●● build and maintain roads, railways, and ports, and
●● reduce air pollution and protect the environment.9
Four other MDBs operate primarily in Central and South America, Asia, Africa,
and Eastern and Central Europe. All five are supported by the industrialized nations,
including the United States.
The Inter-American Development Bank The Inter-American Development Bank
(IDB), the oldest and largest regional bank, was created in 1959 by 19 Latin American
countries and the United States. The bank, which is headquartered in Washington, DC,
makes loans and provides technical advice and assistance to countries. Today, the IDB
is owned by 48 member states.
The Asian Development Bank With 67 member nations, the Asian Development
Bank (ADB), created in 1966 and headquartered in the Philippines, promotes economic
and social progress in Asian and Pacific regions. The U.S. government is the secondlargest
contributor to the ADB’s capital, after Japan.
The African Development Bank The African Development Bank (AFDB), also
known as Banque Africaines de Development, was established in 1964 with headquarters
in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. Its members include 53 African and 24 non-African
countries from the Americas, Europe, and Asia. The AFDB’s goal is to foster the
economic and social development of its African members. The bank pursues this goal
through loans, research, technical assistance, and the development of trade programs.
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Established in 1991
to encourage reconstruction and development in the Eastern and Central European
countries, the London-based European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
is owned by 61 countries and 2 intergovernmental institutions. Its loans are geared
toward developing market-oriented economies and promoting private enterprise.
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