In broad terms, an Islamic banking system is essentially an equity-bas terjemahan - In broad terms, an Islamic banking system is essentially an equity-bas Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

In broad terms, an Islamic banking

In broad terms, an Islamic banking system is essentially an equity-based system in
which depositors are treated as if they were shareholders of the bank. Consequently,
depositors are not guaranteed the nominal value, or a predetermined rate of return, on
their deposits. If the bank makes profits then the shareholder (depositor) would be
entitled to receive a certain proportion of these profits. On the other hand, if the bank
incurs losses the depositor is expected to share in these as well, and receive a negative
rate of return. Thus, from the depositor's perspective an Islamic commercial bank is in
most respects identical to a mutual fund or investment trust, Further more, to remain
consistent with Islamic law, the bank cannot charge interest in its lending operations,
but has to use special modes of investment and financing that are also based on the
concept of profit and loss sharing.
The implementation of an equity-based financial system in which any type of
fixed rate of return on transactions is excluded raises a number of complex issues. First,
it is necessary to develop alternative financial instruments that do not have a fixed
nominal value and bear a predetermined rate of interest. There are in fact a number of
such alternatives proposed by Islamic scholars that satisfy such requirements. Second,
there is the question of how monetary policy would be expected to operate in an
interest-free economy. This is, of course, an issue of immediate relevance for the policy
makers in Islamic countries. Obviously, instruments of monetary policy that rely in any
way on the rate of interest would be removed from the arsenal of the authorities, and
suitable substitutes would have to be found if monetary policy is to continue to play a
role in Islamic economies.
Much of the literature on Islamic banking has focused on the creation and
development of financial instruments that are regarded as permissible under Islamic
law(3), The conduct of monetary policy in an Islamic economy has also been addressed
recently in a number of papers(4). The studies on monetary policy contain, in varying
detail, descriptions of the instruments that the authorities could employ to change the
quantity and rates of return on financial claims in the economy. Even though the use of
the discount rate and open market operations with interest-bearing securities are
precluded, there are a number of policy instruments available for controlling domestic
liquidity. These include, for example, changes in reserve requirements, overall and
selective controls on credit flows, changes in the monetary base through management of
currency issue, and moral suasion. Furthermore, as pointed out by Akram Khan (1982)
and Siddiqi (1982), open market operations could still be conducted with securities that
do not bear a fixed rate of return. The monetary authorities also have the possibility of
directly changing the rates of return on both deposits and loans by altering the ratios in
which the banks and the public are expected to share in the profits and losses that are
associated with the transactions, i.e., the profit-sharing ratios. However, this is still a
somewhat controversial issue as there are certain scholars who believe it would be
inappropriate for the central bank to unilaterally change a contractually-determined
ratio. At the same time, other writers have argued in favor of regulating profit sharing
ratios to achieve the goal of monetary stability, provided such actions affect only new
deposits and not existing ones(5).
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In broad terms, an Islamic banking system is essentially an equity-based system inwhich depositors are treated as if they were shareholders of the bank. Consequently,depositors are not guaranteed the nominal value, or a predetermined rate of return, ontheir deposits. If the bank makes profits then the shareholder (depositor) would beentitled to receive a certain proportion of these profits. On the other hand, if the bankincurs losses the depositor is expected to share in these as well, and receive a negativerate of return. Thus, from the depositor's perspective an Islamic commercial bank is inmost respects identical to a mutual fund or investment trust, Further more, to remainconsistent with Islamic law, the bank cannot charge interest in its lending operations,but has to use special modes of investment and financing that are also based on theconcept of profit and loss sharing.The implementation of an equity-based financial system in which any type offixed rate of return on transactions is excluded raises a number of complex issues. First,it is necessary to develop alternative financial instruments that do not have a fixednominal value and bear a predetermined rate of interest. There are in fact a number ofsuch alternatives proposed by Islamic scholars that satisfy such requirements. Second,there is the question of how monetary policy would be expected to operate in aninterest-free economy. This is, of course, an issue of immediate relevance for the policymakers in Islamic countries. Obviously, instruments of monetary policy that rely in anyway on the rate of interest would be removed from the arsenal of the authorities, andsuitable substitutes would have to be found if monetary policy is to continue to play arole in Islamic economies.Much of the literature on Islamic banking has focused on the creation anddevelopment of financial instruments that are regarded as permissible under Islamiclaw(3), The conduct of monetary policy in an Islamic economy has also been addressedrecently in a number of papers(4). The studies on monetary policy contain, in varyingdetail, descriptions of the instruments that the authorities could employ to change thequantity and rates of return on financial claims in the economy. Even though the use ofthe discount rate and open market operations with interest-bearing securities areprecluded, there are a number of policy instruments available for controlling domesticliquidity. These include, for example, changes in reserve requirements, overall andselective controls on credit flows, changes in the monetary base through management ofcurrency issue, and moral suasion. Furthermore, as pointed out by Akram Khan (1982)and Siddiqi (1982), open market operations could still be conducted with securities thatdo not bear a fixed rate of return. The monetary authorities also have the possibility ofdirectly changing the rates of return on both deposits and loans by altering the ratios inwhich the banks and the public are expected to share in the profits and losses that are
associated with the transactions, i.e., the profit-sharing ratios. However, this is still a
somewhat controversial issue as there are certain scholars who believe it would be
inappropriate for the central bank to unilaterally change a contractually-determined
ratio. At the same time, other writers have argued in favor of regulating profit sharing
ratios to achieve the goal of monetary stability, provided such actions affect only new
deposits and not existing ones(5).
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Dalam arti luas, sistem perbankan syariah pada dasarnya sistem berbasis ekuitas
yang deposan diperlakukan seolah-olah mereka pemegang saham bank. Akibatnya,
deposan tidak dijamin nilai nominal, atau tingkat yang telah ditetapkan kembali, pada
deposito mereka. Jika bank membuat keuntungan maka pemegang saham (deposan) akan
berhak menerima proporsi tertentu dari keuntungan tersebut. Di sisi lain, jika bank
mengalami kerugian deposan diharapkan untuk berbagi dalam ini juga, dan menerima negatif
tingkat pengembalian. Dengan demikian, dari perspektif deposan bank umum syariah dalam
banyak hal identik dengan reksa dana atau investasi kepercayaan, Selanjutnya, untuk tetap
konsisten dengan hukum Islam, bank tidak bisa mengenakan bunga dalam operasi pinjamannya,
namun harus menggunakan mode khusus investasi dan pembiayaan yang juga didasarkan pada
konsep profit and loss sharing.
Pelaksanaan sistem keuangan berbasis ekuitas dimana jenis
tingkat pengembalian tetap pada transaksi yang dikecualikan menimbulkan sejumlah masalah yang kompleks. Pertama,
perlu untuk mengembangkan alternatif instrumen keuangan yang tidak memiliki tetap
nilai nominal dengan tingkat suku bunga yang telah ditetapkan. Sebenarnya ada beberapa
alternatif seperti yang diusulkan oleh ulama Islam yang memenuhi persyaratan tersebut. Kedua,
ada pertanyaan tentang bagaimana kebijakan moneter akan diharapkan untuk beroperasi dalam
ekonomi bebas bunga. Hal ini, tentu saja, masalah relevansi langsung untuk kebijakan
pembuat di negara-negara Islam. Jelas, instrumen kebijakan moneter yang mengandalkan dalam
cara pada tingkat bunga akan dihapus dari gudang pemerintah, dan
pengganti yang cocok harus ditemukan jika kebijakan moneter adalah untuk terus memainkan
peran dalam ekonomi Islam.
Sebagian besar literatur tentang perbankan Islam telah difokuskan pada penciptaan dan
pengembangan instrumen keuangan yang dianggap diperbolehkan menurut Islam
hukum (3), The pelaksanaan kebijakan moneter dalam ekonomi Islam juga telah dibahas
baru-baru ini di sejumlah makalah (4). Studi tentang kebijakan moneter mengandung, dalam berbagai
detail, deskripsi instrumen bahwa pemerintah bisa menggunakan untuk mengubah
kuantitas dan tingkat pengembalian klaim keuangan dalam perekonomian. Meskipun penggunaan
tingkat diskonto dan operasi pasar terbuka dengan sekuritas berbunga yang
menghalangi, ada sejumlah instrumen kebijakan yang tersedia untuk mengendalikan negeri
likuiditas. Ini termasuk, misalnya, perubahan persyaratan cadangan, secara keseluruhan dan
kontrol selektif pada aliran kredit, perubahan dalam basis moneter melalui pengelolaan
masalah mata uang, dan bujukan moral. Selain itu, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Akram Khan (1982)
dan Siddiqi (1982), operasi pasar terbuka masih bisa dilakukan dengan efek yang
tidak menanggung tingkat pengembalian tetap. Otoritas moneter juga memiliki kemungkinan
langsung mengubah tingkat pengembalian pada kedua deposito dan pinjaman dengan mengubah rasio di
mana bank-bank dan masyarakat diharapkan untuk berbagi dalam keuntungan dan kerugian yang
terkait dengan transaksi, yaitu, keuntungan rasio -Berbagi. Namun, ini masih merupakan
masalah kontroversial karena ada ulama tertentu yang percaya akan
pantas bagi bank sentral untuk secara sepihak mengubah kontrak-ditentukan
rasio. Pada saat yang sama, penulis lain berpendapat mendukung mengatur bagi hasil
rasio untuk mencapai tujuan stabilitas moneter, asalkan tindakan tersebut hanya mempengaruhi baru
deposito dan yang tidak ada (5).
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