between the sign and magnitude of the earnings surprise as of the anno terjemahan - between the sign and magnitude of the earnings surprise as of the anno Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

between the sign and magnitude of t

between the sign and magnitude of the earnings surprise as of the announcement date and the timeliness of the earnings announcement (Begley and Fischer 1998). Earnings surprise (‘‘UEi,t’’) is measured as the actual earnings per share on the announcement date minus the mean analyst forecast immediately preceding the earnings announcement date. Consistent with prior work, UEi,t is scaled by firm i’s stock price as of the beginning of the fiscal year (at time t - 1). EXTRi,t is an indicator variable equal to one if firm i has reported extraordinary items in year t. LOSSi,t is an indicator variable equal to one if firm i has reported a net loss in year t. OPINi,t is an indicator variable equal to zero if firm i’s auditors have issued an unqualified audit opinion as reported by Compustat for year t, and one otherwise. FYEi,t is an indicator variable equal to one if firm i has a calendar fiscal yearend. BIG4i,t is an indicator variable equal to one if firm i is audited by a Big 4 audit firm in year t. SIZEi,t is measured as the natural logarithm of firm i’s total assets as of year t. LITi,t is an indicator variable equal to one if firm i operates in a high litigation industry.8 MTBi,t captures firm i’s growth opportunities measured as the market value of equity divided by the book value of equity as of year t.9 LEVi,tcaptures firm i’s total leverage for year t, measured as the ratio of total liabilities to total assets. DISTRESSi,tcaptures financial distress measured using Zmijewski’s (1984) prediction model for firm i in year t.10 VOLi,t captures firm i’s share-based volatility for year t measured as the natural logarithm of total shares traded divided by common shares outstanding. SHAREi,t captures firm i’s ownership concentration ratio measured as the ratio of common shares outstanding to common shareholders measured as of year t. PPEi,t captures firm i’s capital intensity in year t measured as gross property, plant, and equipment scaled by total assets. ACCi,t captures firm i’s financial reporting aggressiveness captured by estimating performance-matched pretax discretionary accruals during year t using the methodology in Frank et al. (2009). Industry, dind, and time indicators, st, are also included, and we use standard errors clustered by firm.11 As a follow-up analysis to (1), it would be desirable to capture a measure of market perception to a less timely annual earnings announcement. Unfortunately, the nature of tax avoidance precludes employing such methodology. Specifically, corporate tax returns are not publicly available hence investors must use firms’ financial statements to infer any evidence, and implications, of tax avoidance. Further, industry and/or sector comparisons are necessary in order to appropriately assess the risk characteristics of a firm with greater exhibited tax avoidance. These activities are highly unlikely to be completed during the short window horizon surrounding the annual earnings announcement date. Moreover, any proxy used to identify a tax avoider as reporting earnings sooner than other firms in the industry contributes an unfortunate built-in look-ahead bias rendering any results difficult to interpret. However, one likely implication of greater exhibited tax avoidance from this discussion and the motivation developed in Sect. 2.2 is a less informative earnings
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between the sign and magnitude of the earnings surprise as of the announcement date and the timeliness of the earnings announcement (Begley and Fischer 1998). Earnings surprise (‘‘UEi,t’’) is measured as the actual earnings per share on the announcement date minus the mean analyst forecast immediately preceding the earnings announcement date. Consistent with prior work, UEi,t is scaled by firm i’s stock price as of the beginning of the fiscal year (at time t - 1). EXTRi,t is an indicator variable equal to one if firm i has reported extraordinary items in year t. LOSSi,t is an indicator variable equal to one if firm i has reported a net loss in year t. OPINi,t is an indicator variable equal to zero if firm i’s auditors have issued an unqualified audit opinion as reported by Compustat for year t, and one otherwise. FYEi,t is an indicator variable equal to one if firm i has a calendar fiscal yearend. BIG4i,t is an indicator variable equal to one if firm i is audited by a Big 4 audit firm in year t. SIZEi,t is measured as the natural logarithm of firm i’s total assets as of year t. LITi,t is an indicator variable equal to one if firm i operates in a high litigation industry.8 MTBi,t captures firm i’s growth opportunities measured as the market value of equity divided by the book value of equity as of year t.9 LEVi,tcaptures firm i’s total leverage for year t, measured as the ratio of total liabilities to total assets. DISTRESSi,tcaptures financial distress measured using Zmijewski’s (1984) prediction model for firm i in year t.10 VOLi,t captures firm i’s share-based volatility for year t measured as the natural logarithm of total shares traded divided by common shares outstanding. SHAREi,t captures firm i’s ownership concentration ratio measured as the ratio of common shares outstanding to common shareholders measured as of year t. PPEi,t captures firm i’s capital intensity in year t measured as gross property, plant, and equipment scaled by total assets. ACCi,t captures firm i’s financial reporting aggressiveness captured by estimating performance-matched pretax discretionary accruals during year t using the methodology in Frank et al. (2009). Industry, dind, and time indicators, st, are also included, and we use standard errors clustered by firm.11 As a follow-up analysis to (1), it would be desirable to capture a measure of market perception to a less timely annual earnings announcement. Unfortunately, the nature of tax avoidance precludes employing such methodology. Specifically, corporate tax returns are not publicly available hence investors must use firms’ financial statements to infer any evidence, and implications, of tax avoidance. Further, industry and/or sector comparisons are necessary in order to appropriately assess the risk characteristics of a firm with greater exhibited tax avoidance. These activities are highly unlikely to be completed during the short window horizon surrounding the annual earnings announcement date. Moreover, any proxy used to identify a tax avoider as reporting earnings sooner than other firms in the industry contributes an unfortunate built-in look-ahead bias rendering any results difficult to interpret. However, one likely implication of greater exhibited tax avoidance from this discussion and the motivation developed in Sect. 2.2 is a less informative earnings
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antara tanda dan besarnya laba kejutan sejak tanggal pengumuman dan ketepatan waktu pengumuman laba (Begley dan Fischer 1998). Laba kejutan ( '' EIU, t '') diukur sebagai laba aktual per saham pada tanggal pengumuman dikurangi perkiraan analis rata-rata segera sebelum tanggal pengumuman laba. Konsisten dengan pekerjaan sebelumnya, EIU, t adalah skala oleh fi rm harga saham i sebagai dari awal tahun fiskal (pada waktu t - 1). EXTRi, t adalah variabel indikator sama dengan satu jika fi rm saya telah melaporkan pos luar biasa pada tahun t. Lossi, t adalah variabel indikator sama dengan satu jika fi rm saya telah melaporkan kerugian bersih pada tahun t. Opini, t adalah variabel indikator sama dengan nol jika auditor fi rm i ini telah mengeluarkan opini audit fi ed unquali seperti dilansir Compustat untuk tahun t, dan satu sebaliknya. FYEi, t adalah variabel indikator sama dengan satu jika fi rm i memiliki akhir tahun kalender fiskal. BIG4i, t merupakan indikator variabel sama dengan satu jika fi rm i diaudit oleh Big 4 pemeriksaan fi rm pada tahun t. SIZEi, t diukur sebagai logaritma natural dari fi rm i ini jumlah aset tahun t. Liti, t merupakan indikator variabel sama dengan satu jika fi rm i beroperasi di industry.8 litigasi tinggi MTBi, t menangkap fi rm i peluang pertumbuhan diukur sebagai nilai pasar ekuitas dibagi dengan nilai buku ekuitas per tahun t.9 levi , tcaptures fi rm saya ini jumlah maksimal untuk tahun t, diukur sebagai rasio total kewajiban terhadap total aset. DISTRESSi, tcaptures keuangan distress diukur dengan model (1984) prediksi Zmijewski untuk fi rm i pada tahun t.10 Voli, t menangkap fi rm i volatilitas berbasis saham untuk tahun t diukur sebagai logaritma natural dari total saham yang diperdagangkan dibagi dengan saham yang beredar. SHAREi, t menangkap rm rasio konsentrasi kepemilikan fi i diukur sebagai rasio saham biasa yang beredar kepada pemegang saham umum diukur sebagai tahun t. PPEI, t menangkap rm intensitas modal fi i pada tahun t diukur sebagai properti kotor, pabrik, dan peralatan skala oleh total aset. ACCi, t menangkap fi rm i keuangan pelaporan agresivitas ditangkap dengan memperkirakan kinerja-cocok sebelum pajak akrual diskresioner selama tahun t menggunakan metodologi dalam Frank et al. (2009). Industri, dind, dan waktu indikator, st, juga disertakan, dan kami menggunakan standar error berkerumun oleh fi rm.11 Sebagai analisis tindak lanjut (1), akan diinginkan untuk menangkap ukuran persepsi pasar yang kurang tepat waktu tahunan pengumuman laba. Sayangnya, sifat penghindaran pajak menghalangi mempekerjakan metodologi tersebut. Secara khusus, pengembalian pajak perusahaan tidak tersedia untuk umum maka investor harus menggunakan laporan keuangan perusahaan 'untuk menyimpulkan bukti, dan implikasi, penghindaran pajak. Selanjutnya, industri dan / atau sektor perbandingan yang diperlukan untuk tepat menilai karakteristik risiko suatu perusahaan dengan penghindaran pajak dipamerkan lebih besar. Kegiatan ini sangat tidak mungkin akan selesai pada jendela cakrawala singkat seputar tanggal pengumuman pendapatan tahunan. Selain itu, proxy digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi avoider pajak melaporkan laba lebih cepat dari perusahaan-perusahaan lain di industri menyumbang malang built-in Bias tampak-depan render hasil apapun sulit untuk menafsirkan. Namun, salah satu implikasi kemungkinan besar dipamerkan penghindaran pajak dari diskusi ini dan motivasi dikembangkan di Sect. 2.2 adalah penghasilan yang kurang informatif
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