to the guardianship of her male relatives. Her freedom of action could terjemahan - to the guardianship of her male relatives. Her freedom of action could Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

to the guardianship of her male rel

to the guardianship of her male relatives. Her freedom of action could be constricted, however, if her husband used force to keep her from leaving. Monogamy was the rule in ancient Greece, and a nuclear family structure (that is, husband, wife, and children living together without other relatives in the same house) was common, except at Sparta, although at different stages of life a married couple might have other relatives living with them. Citizen men could have sexual relations without penalty with slaves, foreign concubines, female prostitutes, or willing pre-adult citizen males. Citizen women had no such sexual freedom and adultery carried harsh penalties for wives as well as male adulterers. The only exception was at Sparta when a woman was childless, the aim of the liaison was to produce children, and the husband gave his consent. More than anything else, a dual concern to regulate marriage and procreation and to maintain family property underlay the placing of the legal rights of Greek women and the conditions of their citizenship under the guardianship of men. The paternalistic attitude of Greek men toward women was rooted in the desire to control human reproduction and,consequently, the distribution of property, a concern that had gained special urgency in the reduced economic circumstances of the Dark Age. Hesiod, for instance, makes this point explicitly in relating the myth of the first woman, named Pandora (Works and Days 42-105, Theogony 507-616). According to the legend, Zeus, the king of the gods, created Pandora as a punishment for men when Prometheus, a divine being hostile to Zeus, stole fire from Zeus to give it to Prometheus's human friends, who had hitherto lacked that technology. Pandora subsequently loosed "evils and diseases" into the previously trouble-free world of men by removing the lid from the jar or box the gods had filled for her. Hesiod then refers to Pandora's descendants, the female sex, as a "beautiful evil" for men ever after, comparing them
to drones who live off the toil of other bees while devising mischief at home. But, he goes on to say, any man who refuses to marry to escape the "troublesome deeds of women" will come to "destructive old age" without any children to care for him. After his death, moreover, his relatives will divide his property among themselves. A man must marry, in other words, so that he can sire children to serve as his support system in his waning years and to preserve his holdings after his death by inheriting them. Women, according to Greek mythology, were for men a necessary evil, but the reality of women's lives in the city-state incorporated social and religious roles of enormous importance.
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to the guardianship of her male relatives. Her freedom of action could be constricted, however, if her husband used force to keep her from leaving. Monogamy was the rule in ancient Greece, and a nuclear family structure (that is, husband, wife, and children living together without other relatives in the same house) was common, except at Sparta, although at different stages of life a married couple might have other relatives living with them. Citizen men could have sexual relations without penalty with slaves, foreign concubines, female prostitutes, or willing pre-adult citizen males. Citizen women had no such sexual freedom and adultery carried harsh penalties for wives as well as male adulterers. The only exception was at Sparta when a woman was childless, the aim of the liaison was to produce children, and the husband gave his consent. More than anything else, a dual concern to regulate marriage and procreation and to maintain family property underlay the placing of the legal rights of Greek women and the conditions of their citizenship under the guardianship of men. The paternalistic attitude of Greek men toward women was rooted in the desire to control human reproduction and,consequently, the distribution of property, a concern that had gained special urgency in the reduced economic circumstances of the Dark Age. Hesiod, for instance, makes this point explicitly in relating the myth of the first woman, named Pandora (Works and Days 42-105, Theogony 507-616). According to the legend, Zeus, the king of the gods, created Pandora as a punishment for men when Prometheus, a divine being hostile to Zeus, stole fire from Zeus to give it to Prometheus's human friends, who had hitherto lacked that technology. Pandora subsequently loosed "evils and diseases" into the previously trouble-free world of men by removing the lid from the jar or box the gods had filled for her. Hesiod then refers to Pandora's descendants, the female sex, as a "beautiful evil" for men ever after, comparing themto drones who live off the toil of other bees while devising mischief at home. But, he goes on to say, any man who refuses to marry to escape the "troublesome deeds of women" will come to "destructive old age" without any children to care for him. After his death, moreover, his relatives will divide his property among themselves. A man must marry, in other words, so that he can sire children to serve as his support system in his waning years and to preserve his holdings after his death by inheriting them. Women, according to Greek mythology, were for men a necessary evil, but the reality of women's lives in the city-state incorporated social and religious roles of enormous importance.
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untuk perwalian kerabat laki-lakinya. Kebebasannya tindakan dapat mengerut, namun, jika suaminya menggunakan kekuatan untuk menjaga dia meninggalkan. Monogami adalah aturan di Yunani kuno, dan struktur keluarga inti (yaitu, suami, istri, dan anak yang hidup bersama tanpa kerabat lainnya di rumah yang sama) adalah umum, kecuali di Sparta, meskipun pada berbagai tahap kehidupan pasangan yang sudah menikah mungkin memiliki kerabat lainnya yang tinggal dengan mereka. Laki-laki warga negara bisa memiliki hubungan seksual tanpa hukuman dengan budak, selir asing, pelacur perempuan, atau laki-laki warga pra-dewasa bersedia. Perempuan warga tidak memiliki kebebasan seksual tersebut dan perzinahan yang dilakukan hukuman yang keras bagi istri serta pezinah laki-laki. Satu-satunya pengecualian adalah di Sparta ketika seorang wanita tak punya anak, tujuan penghubung adalah untuk menghasilkan anak-anak, dan suami memberi persetujuannya. Lebih dari apa pun, perhatian ganda untuk mengatur perkawinan dan prokreasi dan untuk menjaga properti keluarga mendasari penempatan hak-hak hukum perempuan Yunani dan kondisi kewarganegaraan mereka di bawah perwalian laki-laki. Sikap paternalistik dari laki-laki Yunani terhadap perempuan berakar pada keinginan untuk mengontrol reproduksi manusia dan, akibatnya, distribusi properti, kekhawatiran bahwa telah memperoleh urgensi khusus dalam keadaan ekonomi yang berkurang dari Dark Age. Hesiod, misalnya, membuat titik ini secara eksplisit dalam berhubungan mitos wanita pertama, bernama Pandora (Pekerjaan dan Hari 42-105, Theogony 507-616). Menurut legenda, Zeus, raja para dewa, menciptakan Pandora sebagai hukuman untuk pria ketika Prometheus, seorang bermusuhan ilahi untuk Zeus, mencuri api dari Zeus memberikannya kepada teman-teman manusia Prometheus, yang sampai sekarang tidak memiliki teknologi itu. Pandora kemudian dilepaskan "kejahatan dan penyakit" ke dunia yang sebelumnya bebas masalah pria dengan melepas tutup stoples atau kotak para dewa telah mengisi untuknya. Hesiod kemudian mengacu pada keturunan Pandora, jenis kelamin perempuan, sebagai "kejahatan yang indah" untuk pria selamanya, membandingkan mereka
untuk drone yang hidup dari kerja keras lebah lain sementara merancang kejahatan di rumah. Tapi, ia melanjutkan dengan mengatakan, setiap orang yang menolak untuk menikah untuk melarikan diri "perbuatan merepotkan perempuan" akan datang ke "usia tua destruktif" tanpa anak-anak untuk peduli padanya. Setelah kematiannya, apalagi, sanak keluarganya akan membagi hartanya di antara mereka sendiri. Seorang pria harus menikah, dengan kata lain, sehingga ia bisa Sire anak untuk melayani sebagai sistem pendukung di tahun-tahun berkurang dan melestarikan kepemilikan setelah kematiannya dengan mewarisi mereka. Wanita, menurut mitologi Yunani, yang untuk pria jahat diperlukan, tetapi realitas kehidupan perempuan di kota-negara yang tergabung peran sosial dan keagamaan yang sangat besar pentingnya.
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