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Supra-segmental Phonemes and Phonet

Supra-segmental Phonemes and Phonetics
Phonemic particles that we have so far been considering such as vowels, consonants, diphthongs, etc. are called segmental phonemes. They contribute to the meaning of a speech segment. Apart from this class of segmental phonemes, there is another class of particles that’ play equally important role. These are supra-segmental phonemes.
Features of stress, pitch, intonation and juncture comprise this class, and are said to be ‘overlaid’ on the segmental units. It is difficult to imagine human communication without these features. They invariably accompany our speech and lend the additional dimension which is mote immediately and directly understood. These features convey the speaker’s identity, attitudes, emotional states and his/her evaluation of how he/she is being received. Often, in the totality of communicational situation, a listener doesnot pay so much attention to the wards as he does to the rise and fall of pitch, volume of voice, stress and pauses, and so on. He understands the meaning by simply responding to these extra-linguistic indices.
We will now look at these features or phonemes a little more closely.
Stress
Physiologically, stress means greater articulatory effort. By putting stress on particular segments we give it greater prominence. Various types of meaning are conveyed by distributing stress pattern over speech segments in a controlled manner.
Two types of stress can he established
1. Word stress (or accent)
2. Phrasal (or sentence stress)
Word Stress
In words made up of more than one syllable, some syllable stands out from others. In a word like fable it is the first syllable that receives ‘stress’ or more articulatory energy which results in its’ sounding louder and longer than the other syllable’ the second syllable here. The distribution of stress over the word fable can be shown in this manner – fa-ble.
In monosyllabic words – these words may contain more than one phoneme, but that doesnot matter-stress falls on the only syllable they contain:
l /ai/ (single phoneme word)
see /si:/ (two-phoneme word)
cat /kaet/ (three-phoneme word)
flame /fleim/ (four-phoneme word)
tract /traekt/ (five-phoneme word)
In words made of more than one syllable, the stress is distributed over the syllables; one of the syllables is pronounced with greater syllabic energy or prominence. In words like sector and enable, the first syllable is prominent in sector and the second syllable in enable.
The syllable that is strongly stressed is called a strong syllable and weakly stressed syllable is called weak syllable. In sector, sec is strong syllable and-tor weak syllable. In enable, en is weak syallable and no srong syllable followed a weak –bl. In polysyllabic words the stressed syllable may be more than one, for example these words – understand, appetizing examination. Syllabic division is shown as follows:
Un-der-stand; ap-pe-ti-zing; e-xa-mi-na-tion.
A polysyllabic word is graded in terms of the release of syllabic energy. It can be seen that from the strongest to the less strong to the weak, we can easily perceive different parts carrying these stresses. For example, in a word like consolidation, the strongest stress falls on the fourth syllable /-dei-/, the next prominent syllable is the second one, the other syllables carry weak stresses.
One reason why the fourth syllable is the strongest is that the pitch of the voice changes on this syllable. Therefore, this is also called primary stress or tonic stress. A strong stress accompanied by a pitch-change or pitch movement is known as primary stress. Roger Kingdon says that ‘the prominence of a syllable is also affected by its pitch; high-pitched syllables sound more prominent than low-pitched ones’.
Stress features are thus divided into the following levels:
1. Primary stress
2. Secondary stress
3. Tertiary stress
4. Weak stress
The strongest release of syllabic energy accompanied by a potential change of pitch direction marks the primary stress. The next strong stress is called secondary stress. Primary stress is represented by the half straight bar [‘], and the secondary stress by the bar placed at the bottom before the syllable that is stressed. Thus in apple the primary stress is on the first syllable ‘apple; so with ‘father; but in ga’rage it is on the second syllable. The word understand carries a primary and a secondary stress indicated as /unders’tand. Tertiary stress is weaker than the secondary stress and close to weak or unmarked stress. It is somewhat difficult to define and describe it. The two identically pronounced words nightrate and nitrate, show that the second example has a tertiary stress while in night rate rate carries the secondary stress. A weak stress is always left unmarked. Here the pitch is low and the vowel lax as in to’bacco.
Stress pattern in English has to be learned; there is nothing in a syllable itself which indicates that it may receive stress or not. In some disyllabic words the first syllable is stressed, for example ‘writer, ‘bellow, ‘coral, ‘glimmer, ‘ginger, while other disyllabic words have the second syllable sressed: re’cord, be’low, con’sort (vb), di’sable. Compared to the unstressed syllable, the vowel in a stressed syllable is longer. Similarly, a long vowel becomes reduced in length when it occurs in an unaccented syllable.
Stress Shift
It has been observed that stress shifts in derivative words. The following table shows how different derivative words take stress on different syllables.
Table
1st syllable 2nd syllable 3rd syllable
‘fraternise fra’ternity
‘fragility fra’gile
‘fragment frag’ment fragmen’tation
Or’thographer ortho’graphic
‘syllable sy’llabify syllabifi’cation
‘product pro’duce produc’tivity
‘excavate exca’vation
‘excellence ex’cel
‘photograph pho’tographer photo’graphic
Shift of Primary Stress in Syllables
In derived words also there is no predictability about the placement of stress. However, an interesting aspect of the stress distribution is that for noun/adjective, stress is on the first syllable and for verb it is on the second syllable.
Noun/Adjective Verb
‘produce pro’duce
‘import imp’ort
‘subject sub’ject
‘perfect per’fect
‘record re’cord
‘contract con’tract
Compound Word Stress
Compound word consists of two words, which are written as one word. Mostly the nuclear, tonic or primary stress falls on the first syllable of the first word as in ‘postman, ‘batsman, ‘chairman, etc. Distribution of stress varies greatly according to the syllabic composition of the compound words.
Primary stress on the first syllable
‘Honeymoon, ‘honey suckle, ‘market day, ‘main spring, ‘long shore, ‘live stock, ‘liveryman.
Primary stress on the first, secondary on the third syllable
‘borderline, firebrigade, copyright
Primary stress on the first, secondary on the fourth syllable
National issue, labour exchange, cabinet maker
Primary stress on the third, secondary on the first syllable
Secondhand, country farm, easygoing, seargent major
Phrasal Stress
Although words have more or less fixed stress in connected speech, the intonational and contextual imperatives guide a speaker’s choice of stress. Longer utterances, clauses and segments can show changes in stress pattern. This is accompanied by the rise and fall in the pitch level. For example in a sentence like
Bring those chairs closer
different words can be stressed in the manner shown below:
bring those chairs closer
bring those chairs closer
bring those chairs closer
bring those chairs closer
Each of the above examples conveys a different meaning. Normally, content words receive the primary stress, grammatical words donot As T. Balasubramanian says, ‘The choice of the syllable receiving primary accent depends on the meaning the speaker wants to convey’.
Speech Rhythm
In connected speech certain words receive the primary stress and other words are unstressed. A pattern of alternations between the stressed and unstressed words is formed. If we consider the sentence, see the cat on the roof we will find that the second, the fourth and the fifth syllable are unstressed; the third and the sixth words are stressed. It is the tendency among the English speakers to crowd together the unstressed syllables between the two stressed syllables. The effect is a rhythm which makes English a stress-timed language.
There is another process that produces the characteristic English rhythm, that of weakening of the accent on certain words. In connected speech stress tends to be re-arranged due to elision and assimilation. Syllables that in isolated expressions appear stressed may be unstressed in such instances. Form-words, like articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions and other elements may show this, where consonant and vowel quality of the weak form is affected. Let us look at these sentences.
a. I shall let you have it transcribed as
/ai òl let ju: hæv it/; the verb shall has become weak and is represented as /òi/ instead of /òæl/.
b. Lend me the book, I’d read it transcribed as
/lend me buk, aid ri:d it/; would becomes simply /d/ here.
a. There was a book on the table transcribed a
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Supra-segmental Phonemes and PhoneticsPhonemic particles that we have so far been considering such as vowels, consonants, diphthongs, etc. are called segmental phonemes. They contribute to the meaning of a speech segment. Apart from this class of segmental phonemes, there is another class of particles that’ play equally important role. These are supra-segmental phonemes.Features of stress, pitch, intonation and juncture comprise this class, and are said to be ‘overlaid’ on the segmental units. It is difficult to imagine human communication without these features. They invariably accompany our speech and lend the additional dimension which is mote immediately and directly understood. These features convey the speaker’s identity, attitudes, emotional states and his/her evaluation of how he/she is being received. Often, in the totality of communicational situation, a listener doesnot pay so much attention to the wards as he does to the rise and fall of pitch, volume of voice, stress and pauses, and so on. He understands the meaning by simply responding to these extra-linguistic indices.We will now look at these features or phonemes a little more closely.StressPhysiologically, stress means greater articulatory effort. By putting stress on particular segments we give it greater prominence. Various types of meaning are conveyed by distributing stress pattern over speech segments in a controlled manner.Two types of stress can he established1. Word stress (or accent)2. Phrasal (or sentence stress)Word StressIn words made up of more than one syllable, some syllable stands out from others. In a word like fable it is the first syllable that receives ‘stress’ or more articulatory energy which results in its’ sounding louder and longer than the other syllable’ the second syllable here. The distribution of stress over the word fable can be shown in this manner – fa-ble.In monosyllabic words – these words may contain more than one phoneme, but that doesnot matter-stress falls on the only syllable they contain:l /ai/ (single phoneme word)see /si:/ (two-phoneme word)cat /kaet/ (three-phoneme word)flame /fleim/ (four-phoneme word)tract /traekt/ (five-phoneme word)In words made of more than one syllable, the stress is distributed over the syllables; one of the syllables is pronounced with greater syllabic energy or prominence. In words like sector and enable, the first syllable is prominent in sector and the second syllable in enable.The syllable that is strongly stressed is called a strong syllable and weakly stressed syllable is called weak syllable. In sector, sec is strong syllable and-tor weak syllable. In enable, en is weak syallable and no srong syllable followed a weak –bl. In polysyllabic words the stressed syllable may be more than one, for example these words – understand, appetizing examination. Syllabic division is shown as follows:Un-der-stand; ap-pe-ti-zing; e-xa-mi-na-tion.A polysyllabic word is graded in terms of the release of syllabic energy. It can be seen that from the strongest to the less strong to the weak, we can easily perceive different parts carrying these stresses. For example, in a word like consolidation, the strongest stress falls on the fourth syllable /-dei-/, the next prominent syllable is the second one, the other syllables carry weak stresses.One reason why the fourth syllable is the strongest is that the pitch of the voice changes on this syllable. Therefore, this is also called primary stress or tonic stress. A strong stress accompanied by a pitch-change or pitch movement is known as primary stress. Roger Kingdon says that ‘the prominence of a syllable is also affected by its pitch; high-pitched syllables sound more prominent than low-pitched ones’.Stress features are thus divided into the following levels:1. Primary stress2. Secondary stress3. Tertiary stress4. Weak stressThe strongest release of syllabic energy accompanied by a potential change of pitch direction marks the primary stress. The next strong stress is called secondary stress. Primary stress is represented by the half straight bar [‘], and the secondary stress by the bar placed at the bottom before the syllable that is stressed. Thus in apple the primary stress is on the first syllable ‘apple; so with ‘father; but in ga’rage it is on the second syllable. The word understand carries a primary and a secondary stress indicated as /unders’tand. Tertiary stress is weaker than the secondary stress and close to weak or unmarked stress. It is somewhat difficult to define and describe it. The two identically pronounced words nightrate and nitrate, show that the second example has a tertiary stress while in night rate rate carries the secondary stress. A weak stress is always left unmarked. Here the pitch is low and the vowel lax as in to’bacco.Stress pattern in English has to be learned; there is nothing in a syllable itself which indicates that it may receive stress or not. In some disyllabic words the first syllable is stressed, for example ‘writer, ‘bellow, ‘coral, ‘glimmer, ‘ginger, while other disyllabic words have the second syllable sressed: re’cord, be’low, con’sort (vb), di’sable. Compared to the unstressed syllable, the vowel in a stressed syllable is longer. Similarly, a long vowel becomes reduced in length when it occurs in an unaccented syllable.Stress ShiftIt has been observed that stress shifts in derivative words. The following table shows how different derivative words take stress on different syllables.Table1st syllable 2nd syllable 3rd syllable‘fraternise fra’ternity‘fragility fra’gile‘fragment frag’ment fragmen’tation Or’thographer ortho’graphic‘syllable sy’llabify syllabifi’cation‘product pro’duce produc’tivity‘excavate exca’vation‘excellence ex’cel‘photograph pho’tographer photo’graphicShift of Primary Stress in SyllablesIn derived words also there is no predictability about the placement of stress. However, an interesting aspect of the stress distribution is that for noun/adjective, stress is on the first syllable and for verb it is on the second syllable.Noun/Adjective Verb‘produce pro’duce‘import imp’ort‘subject sub’ject‘perfect per’fect‘record re’cord‘contract con’tractCompound Word StressCompound word consists of two words, which are written as one word. Mostly the nuclear, tonic or primary stress falls on the first syllable of the first word as in ‘postman, ‘batsman, ‘chairman, etc. Distribution of stress varies greatly according to the syllabic composition of the compound words.Primary stress on the first syllable‘Honeymoon, ‘honey suckle, ‘market day, ‘main spring, ‘long shore, ‘live stock, ‘liveryman.Primary stress on the first, secondary on the third syllable‘borderline, firebrigade, copyright
Primary stress on the first, secondary on the fourth syllable
National issue, labour exchange, cabinet maker
Primary stress on the third, secondary on the first syllable
Secondhand, country farm, easygoing, seargent major
Phrasal Stress
Although words have more or less fixed stress in connected speech, the intonational and contextual imperatives guide a speaker’s choice of stress. Longer utterances, clauses and segments can show changes in stress pattern. This is accompanied by the rise and fall in the pitch level. For example in a sentence like
Bring those chairs closer
different words can be stressed in the manner shown below:
bring those chairs closer
bring those chairs closer
bring those chairs closer
bring those chairs closer
Each of the above examples conveys a different meaning. Normally, content words receive the primary stress, grammatical words donot As T. Balasubramanian says, ‘The choice of the syllable receiving primary accent depends on the meaning the speaker wants to convey’.
Speech Rhythm
In connected speech certain words receive the primary stress and other words are unstressed. A pattern of alternations between the stressed and unstressed words is formed. If we consider the sentence, see the cat on the roof we will find that the second, the fourth and the fifth syllable are unstressed; the third and the sixth words are stressed. It is the tendency among the English speakers to crowd together the unstressed syllables between the two stressed syllables. The effect is a rhythm which makes English a stress-timed language.
There is another process that produces the characteristic English rhythm, that of weakening of the accent on certain words. In connected speech stress tends to be re-arranged due to elision and assimilation. Syllables that in isolated expressions appear stressed may be unstressed in such instances. Form-words, like articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, conjunctions and other elements may show this, where consonant and vowel quality of the weak form is affected. Let us look at these sentences.
a. I shall let you have it transcribed as
/ai òl let ju: hæv it/; the verb shall has become weak and is represented as /òi/ instead of /òæl/.
b. Lend me the book, I’d read it transcribed as
/lend me buk, aid ri:d it/; would becomes simply /d/ here.
a. There was a book on the table transcribed a
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Supra-segmental Fonem dan Fonetik
fonemik partikel yang kami sejauh ini telah mempertimbangkan seperti vokal, konsonan, diftong, dll disebut fonem segmental. Mereka berkontribusi makna segmen pidato. Terlepas dari kelas ini fonem segmental, ada kelas lain dari partikel yang 'memainkan peran yang sama penting. Ini adalah fonem supra-segmental.
Fitur stres, pitch, intonasi dan titik terdiri kelas ini, dan dikatakan 'overlay' pada unit segmental. Sulit untuk membayangkan komunikasi manusia tanpa fitur ini. Mereka selalu menemani pembicaraan kita dan meminjamkan dimensi tambahan yang mote segera dan langsung mengerti. Fitur-fitur ini menyampaikan identitas, sikap, keadaan emosional pembicara dan / evaluasi nya tentang bagaimana dia / dia sedang diterima. Seringkali, dalam totalitas situasi komunikasi yang, pendengar tidak mencerminkan membayar begitu banyak perhatian pada lingkungan seperti yang dilakukannya terhadap naik turunnya lapangan, volume suara, stres dan jeda, dan sebagainya. Dia mengerti makna hanya menanggapi ini indeks ekstra-linguistik.
Sekarang kita akan melihat fitur ini atau fonem sedikit lebih dekat.
Stres
fisiologis, stres berarti upaya artikulasi yang lebih besar. Dengan menempatkan stres pada segmen tertentu kami memberikan keunggulan yang lebih besar. Berbagai jenis makna yang disampaikan oleh mendistribusikan pola stres lebih segmen pidato dengan cara yang terkendali.
Dua jenis stres dapat ia mendirikan
1. Kata stres (atau aksen)
2. Frase (atau kalimat stres)
Firman Stres
Dengan kata terdiri dari lebih dari satu suku kata, suku kata beberapa menonjol dari orang lain. Dalam kata seperti dongeng itu adalah suku kata pertama yang menerima 'stres' atau energi artikulasi lebih yang menghasilkan yang 'terdengar lebih keras dan lebih lama dari suku kata lain suku kata kedua di sini. Distribusi stres selama dongeng kata dapat ditunjukkan dengan cara ini - fa-ble.
Dengan kata bersuku kata - kata-kata ini mungkin berisi lebih dari satu fonem, tapi itu tidak mencerminkan hal-stres jatuh pada satu-satunya suku kata yang dikandungnya:
l / ai / (tunggal kata fonem)
melihat / si: / (dua fonem kata)
cat / kaet / (tiga fonem kata)
flame / FLEIM / (empat fonem kata)
saluran / traekt / (kata lima fonem)
kata yang terbuat dari lebih dari satu suku kata, stres didistribusikan atas suku kata; salah satu suku kata diucapkan dengan energi yang lebih besar suku kata atau menonjol. Dalam kata-kata seperti sektor dan memungkinkan, suku kata pertama menonjol di sektor dan suku kata kedua di aktifkan.
Suku kata yang sangat menekankan disebut suku kata yang kuat dan lemah menekankan suku kata disebut suku kata yang lemah. Di sektor, sec kuat suku kata dan suku kata-tor lemah. Di memungkinkan, en adalah syallable lemah dan tidak ada suku kata srong mengikuti -bl lemah. Dengan kata bersuku suku kata stres mungkin lebih dari satu, misalnya kata-kata - memahami, pemeriksaan selera. Divisi suku kata ditampilkan sebagai berikut:
Un-der-berdiri; ap-pe-ti-tenaga; e-xa-mi-na-tion.
Sebuah kata bersuku yang dinilai dalam hal pelepasan energi suku kata. Hal ini dapat dilihat bahwa dari yang terkuat yang kurang kuat untuk yang lemah, kita dapat dengan mudah melihat bagian yang berbeda membawa tekanan tersebut. Misalnya, dalam kata seperti konsolidasi, stres terkuat jatuh pada keempat suku kata / -dei- /, suku kata yang menonjol berikutnya adalah yang kedua, suku kata lain membawa tekanan lemah.
Salah satu alasan mengapa suku kata keempat adalah yang terkuat adalah bahwa nada suara perubahan pada suku kata ini. Oleh karena itu, ini juga disebut stres primer atau stres tonik. Sebuah stres yang kuat disertai dengan gerakan pitch-perubahan atau lapangan dikenal sebagai stres utama. Roger Kingdon mengatakan bahwa 'keunggulan suku kata juga dipengaruhi oleh pitch; suku kata bernada tinggi terdengar lebih menonjol daripada yang bernada rendah '.
fitur Stres dengan demikian dibagi menjadi tingkat berikut:
1. Utama stres
2. Stres sekunder
3. Tersier stres
4. Stres lemah
Rilis terkuat energi suku kata disertai dengan perubahan potensial arah lapangan menandai stres utama. Stres yang kuat selanjutnya disebut stres sekunder. Stres utama diwakili oleh setengah lurus bar ['], dan stres sekunder dengan bar ditempatkan di bagian bawah sebelum suku kata yang ditekankan. Jadi dalam apel stres utama adalah pada suku kata pertama 'apel; sehingga dengan 'ayah; tapi di ga'rage itu adalah pada suku kata kedua. Kata memahami membawa primer dan stres sekunder diindikasikan sebagai / unders'tand. Stres tersier lebih lemah dari stres sekunder dan dekat dengan lemah atau tanpa tanda stres. Hal ini agak sulit untuk mendefinisikan dan menggambarkannya. Dua kata identik diucapkan nightrate dan nitrat, menunjukkan bahwa contoh kedua memiliki stres tersier sedangkan pada tingkat tingkat malam membawa stres sekunder. Sebuah stres lemah selalu tersisa ditandai. Berikut lapangan rendah dan lemah vokal seperti dalam to'bacco.
Pola Stres dalam bahasa Inggris harus dipelajari; tidak ada dalam suku kata itu sendiri yang menunjukkan bahwa itu mungkin menerima stres atau tidak. Dalam beberapa kata bersuku dua suku kata pertama ditekankan, misalnya 'penulis,' bawah, 'karang,' secercah, 'jahe, sementara kata bersuku dua lainnya memiliki suku kata kedua sressed: re'cord, be'low, con'sort (vb ), di'sable. Dibandingkan dengan suku kata tanpa tekanan, vokal dalam suku kata stres lebih panjang. Demikian pula, vokal panjang menjadi berkurang panjangnya ketika terjadi dalam suku kata tanpa aksen.
Stres Pergeseran
Ia telah mengamati bahwa pergeseran stres dalam kata-kata turunan. Tabel berikut ini menunjukkan betapa berbedanya kata turunan mengambil stres pada suku kata yang berbeda.
Tabel
suku kata 1 2 suku kata 3 suku kata
'fraternise
fra'ternity' kerapuhan fra'gile
'fragmen frag'ment fragmen'tation
Or'thographer
ortho'graphic' sy'llabify suku kata syllabifi'cation
'produk pro'duce
produc'tivity' menggali exca'vation
'keunggulan
ex'cel' foto pho'tographer photo'graphic
Pergeseran Stres Primer di Suku kata
kata Pada berasal juga tidak ada kepastian tentang penempatan stres. Namun, aspek menarik dari distribusi tegangan adalah bahwa untuk kata benda / kata sifat, stres adalah pada suku kata pertama dan untuk kata kerja itu adalah pada suku kata kedua.
Noun / Adjective Verb
'menghasilkan
pro'duce' impor imp'ort
'sub subjek' ject
'sempurna
per'fect' rekor re'cord
'kontrak con'tract
Compound Firman Stres
kata majemuk terdiri dari dua kata, yang ditulis sebagai satu kata. Sebagian besar nuklir, tonik atau stres utama jatuh pada suku kata pertama dari kata pertama seperti dalam 'tukang pos,' batsman, 'ketua, dll Distribusi stres sangat bervariasi sesuai dengan komposisi suku kata dari kata majemuk.
Stres Primer pada pertama suku kata
'Honeymoon,' madu menyusui, 'hari pasar,' musim semi utama, 'pantai panjang,' saham hidup, 'pemilik kandang penyewaan kuda.
stres Primer pada pertama, sekunder pada suku kata
ketiga' borderline, firebrigade, hak cipta
stres Primer pada pertama, sekunder pada suku kata keempat
isu Nasional, pertukaran tenaga kerja, pembuat lemari
stres Primer pada ketiga, sekunder pada suku kata pertama
Secondhand, peternakan negara, santai, seargent utama
Stres Phrasal
Meskipun kata-kata telah stres lebih atau kurang tetap dalam pidato terhubung, yang intonasi dan imperatif kontekstual memandu pilihan pembicara stres. Lagi ucapan-ucapan, klausa dan segmen dapat menunjukkan perubahan pola stres. Hal ini disertai dengan kenaikan dan penurunan tingkat lapangan. Misalnya dalam kalimat seperti
Membawa kursi-kursi lebih dekat
kata yang berbeda dapat ditekankan dengan cara yang ditunjukkan di bawah:
membawa mereka lebih dekat kursi
membawa mereka lebih dekat kursi
membawa mereka lebih dekat kursi
membawa mereka lebih dekat kursi
Masing-masing contoh di atas menyampaikan arti yang berbeda. Biasanya, kata konten menerima stres utama, kata gramatikal donot Sebagai T. Balasubramanian kata, 'Pilihan suku kata menerima aksen utama tergantung pada makna pembicara ingin menyampaikan'.
Ucapan Rhythm
Dalam pidato terhubung kata-kata tertentu menerima stres primer dan Dengan kata lain yang tanpa tekanan. Sebuah pola pergantian antara kata-kata stres dan tanpa tekanan terbentuk. Jika kita menganggap kalimat, melihat kucing di atap kita akan menemukan bahwa kedua, keempat dan kelima suku kata yang tak bertekanan; kata-kata ketiga dan keenam stres. Ini adalah kecenderungan di antara penutur bahasa Inggris kepada orang bersama-sama suku kata tanpa tekanan antara kedua menekankan suku kata. Efeknya adalah ritme yang membuat bahasa Inggris bahasa stres waktunya.
Ada proses lain yang menghasilkan irama Inggris karakteristik, bahwa dari melemahnya aksen pada kata-kata tertentu. Dalam pidato stres terhubung cenderung diatur kembali karena penghilangan bunyi dlm percakapan dan asimilasi. Suku kata yang dalam ekspresi terisolasi muncul stres dapat tanpa tekanan dalam kasus tersebut. Form-kata, seperti artikel, preposisi, kata kerja bantu, konjungsi dan elemen lainnya dapat menunjukkan hal ini, di mana kualitas konsonan dan vokal dari bentuk lemah dipengaruhi. Mari kita lihat kalimat-kalimat ini.
A. Aku akan membiarkan Anda memilikinya ditranskripsi sebagai
/ ai OL biarkan ju: haev itu /; kata kerja akan menjadi lemah dan direpresentasikan sebagai / OI / bukan / òæl /.
b. Meminjamkan buku, saya akan membacanya tercantum sebagai
/ meminjamkan buk, bantuan ri: d itu /; akan menjadi hanya / d / sini.
a. Ada sebuah buku di atas meja ditranskripsikan sebuah
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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