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Berbasis bukti perawatan terapiintervensi yang memiliki bukti empiris untukmendukung penggunaan mereka.Paparan terapi pengobatan untuk ketakutan danlainnya negatif tanggapan emosional dengan hati-hatimengekspos klien untuk situasi atau peristiwa-peristiwa yang berkontribusimasalah tersebut.Kepunahan ketika sebuah perilaku yang sebelumnya diperkuattidak lagi diikuti dengan memperkuatAkibatnya, hasilnya adalah penurunan frekuensiperilaku di masa depan.Gerakan mata desensitisasi dan pengolahan(EMDR) Eksposur berbasis terapi yangmelibatkan ooding imajinal fl, restrukturisasi kognitif,dan menggunakan gerakan berirama mata danrangsangan lain bilateral untuk mengobati traumatisGangguan stres dan menakutkan kenangan klien.Banjir berkepanjangan dan intensif di vivo atauimajinal terpapar sangat membangkitkan kecemasanrangsangan tanpa kesempatan untuk menghindari atau melarikan diridari mereka.Fungsional penilaian proses dari sistematismenghasilkan informasi tentang peristiwa-peristiwasegerea sebelum dan mengikuti perilaku dalam upayauntuk menentukan mana pendahulunya dan konsekuensiterkait dengan terjadinyaperilaku.In vivo desensitisasi singkat dan luluspaparan situasi aktual ketakutan atau acara.In vivo paparan melibatkan klien terpaparsebenarnya kecemasan-membangkitkan peristiwa daripada hanyamembayangkan situasi ini.In vivo fl ooding tajam dan pemaparanterhadap rangsangan memproduksi kecemasan sebenarnya.Mindfulness A proses yang melibatkan menjadiincreasingly observant and aware of externaland internal stimuli in the present moment andadopting an open attitude toward accepting whatis, rather than judging the current situation.Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)A comprehensive integration of the principlesand skills of mindfulness applied to the treatmentof depression.Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)This program applies mindfulness techniques tocoping with stress and promoting physical andpsychological health.Modeling Learning through observation andimitation.Multimodal therapy A model endorsing technicaleclecticism; uses procedures drawn fromvarious sources without necessarily subscribingto the theories behind these techniques; developedby Arnold Lazarus.Negative punishment A reinforcing stimulusis removed following the behavior to decreasethe frequency of a target behavior.Negative reinforcement The termination orwithdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus as a resultof performing some desired behavior.Operant conditioning A type of learning inwhich behaviors are influenced mainly by theconsequences that follow them.Positive punishment An aversive stimulusis added after the behavior to decrease the frequencyof a behavior.Positive reinforcement A form of conditioningwhereby the individual receives somethingdesirable as a consequence of his or her behavior;a reward that increases the probability of itsrecurrence.Positive reinforcement An event whose presentationincreases the probability of a responsethat it follows.Progressive muscle relaxation A method ofteaching people to cope with the stresses producedby daily living. It is aimed at achieving muscleand mental relaxation and is easily learned.Punishment The process in which a behavioris followed by a consequence that results in a decreasein the future probability of a behavior.Reinforcement A specifi ed event that strengthensthe tendency for a response to be repeated. Itinvolves some kind of reward or the removal ofan aversive stimulus following a response.Self-directed behavior A basic assumption isthat people are capable of self-directed behaviorchange and the person is the agent of change.Self-effi cacy An individual’s belief or expectationthat he or she can master a situation andbring about desired change.Self-management Strategies in self-managementprograms include self-monitoring, selfreward,self-contracting, and stimulus control.Self-modifi cation A collection of cognitive behavioralstrategies based on the idea that changecan be brought about by teaching people to usecoping skills in various problematic situations.Self-monitoring The process of observingone’s own behavior patterns as well as one’sinteractions in various social situations.
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