Speech act theoryAccording to J. L.

Speech act theory
According to J. L. Austin (1962), when speaking (or writing, for that matter),
we
perform
various “acts”: locutionary
acts, illocutionary
acts, and
perlocutionary
acts. The difference
between
locutionary
and illocutionary
acts
is sometimes referred
to
as, respectively,
the
difference
between
“saying”
and “doing.” This is the locutionary force of
this utterance, what has thus far in this chapter been referred to as being
a component of grammar. his is the illocutionary force of the utterance.
But utterances also have effects on the individuals to whom they are
directed: uttering Leave may have the effect of actually causing an individual
or individuals to
leave,
it may
upset them,
it may
have
no effect,
etc.
This is considered the
perlocutionary
force
of the
utterance. Although speech act theorists have proposed these three general types
of speech acts, they are primarily interested in speaker intentions: the illocutionary
force
of utterances.
To
study
this
facet
of human communication,
various types of speech
acts have
been proposed. Ex: Assertives/Representatives: Utterances reporting statements of fact verifiable
as true or false (e.g. I am old enough to vote; Columbus discovered America
in 1492; Water freezes at zero degrees centigrade)
A speech act can be explicit or implicit, direct or indirect, and literal or
non-literal. If a speech act is explicit, it will contain a performative verb, a verb that names the speech act and has a very specific structure. Ex: I was abominably ill-mannered, and I apologize.
Speech acts can also be either direct or indirect. A speech act is direct if
its intent is clearly conveyed by the words and structure of the utterance.
In English, indirectness is very common with directives and is typically
associated with yes/no questions, particularly those of the form could you
or would you:
Okay would you open the front uh the screen door for me please

In other cases, declarative sentences are used that contain modal verbs of
varying degrees of indirectness. By using the modal verb should in the
example below, the speaker is suggesting fairly strongly that the addressee
take an introductory composition class.
You should take Intro Comp next semester.
ndirectness in English, as will be demonstrated in a later section, is very
closely associated with politeness, since issuing a directive requires various
strategies
for
mitigating
the
act of trying
to
get
someone to
do something,
an act that
can be considered impolite
if not appropriately
stated.
Finally, speech acts can be literal or non-literal. Many figures of speech in
English are non-literal in the sense that the speaker does not really mean
what he/she says.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Speech act theoryAccording to J. L. Austin (1962), when speaking (or writing, for that matter),weperformvarious “acts”: locutionaryacts, illocutionaryacts, andperlocutionaryacts. The differencebetweenlocutionaryand illocutionaryactsis sometimes referredtoas, respectively,thedifferencebetween“saying”and “doing.” This is the locutionary force ofthis utterance, what has thus far in this chapter been referred to as beinga component of grammar. his is the illocutionary force of the utterance.But utterances also have effects on the individuals to whom they aredirected: uttering Leave may have the effect of actually causing an individualor individuals toleave,it mayupset them,it mayhaveno effect,etc.This is considered theperlocutionaryforceof theutterance. Although speech act theorists have proposed these three general typesof speech acts, they are primarily interested in speaker intentions: the illocutionaryforceof utterances.Tostudythisfacetof human communication,various types of speechacts havebeen proposed. Ex: Assertives/Representatives: Utterances reporting statements of fact verifiableas true or false (e.g. I am old enough to vote; Columbus discovered Americain 1492; Water freezes at zero degrees centigrade)A speech act can be explicit or implicit, direct or indirect, and literal orBebas-literal. Jika tindakan pidato yang eksplisit, itu akan berisi kata kerja performatif, kata kerja yang nama UU pidato dan memiliki struktur yang sangat spesifik. Ex: saya adalah abominably siapa, dan saya minta maaf.Kisah pidato juga dapat langsung atau tidak langsung. Tindakan pidato langsung jikamaksud jelas disampaikan oleh kata-kata dan struktur ucapan.Dalam bahasa Inggris, indirectness sangat umum dengan arahan dan biasanyaterkait dengan ya/tidak pertanyaan, khususnya bentuk bisa Andaatau akan Anda:Oke akan Anda membuka depan eh pintu bagi saya silahkanDalam kasus lain, deklaratif kalimat yang digunakan yang mengandung verba modal dariberbagai derajat indirectness. Dengan menggunakan kata kerja modal harus dicontoh di bawah ini, pembicara yang menyatakan cukup kuat bahwa Penerimamengambil kelas pengantar komposisi. Anda harus mengambil Intro Comp berikutnya semester.ndirectness dalam bahasa Inggris, seperti yang akan ditunjukkan pada bagian berikutnya, yang sangatterkait erat dengan kesopanan, sejak mengeluarkan arahan membutuhkan berbagaistrategiuntukmengurangiTheundang-undang berusahauntukmendapatkanseseorang untukmelakukan sesuatu,tindakan yangdapat dianggap sopanJika tidak tepatmenyatakan.Akhirnya, tindakan pidato dapat harfiah atau non-literal. Banyak kiasan dalamBahasa Inggris bebas-literal dalam arti bahwa pembicara tidak benar-benar berartiapa yang dia katakan.