Cost component Private and social costs External part in general Diffe terjemahan - Cost component Private and social costs External part in general Diffe Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Cost component Private and social c

Cost component
Private and social costs
External part in general
Differences between transport modes
Costs of scarce infrastructure (congestion and scarcity costs)
All costs for traffic users and society (time, reliability, operation, missed economic activities) caused by high traffic densities.
Extra costs imposed on all other users and society exceeding own additional costs.
For non-scheduled transport (road sector), the external cost component is the difference between marginal cost and average cost based on a congestion cost function. For scheduled transport services (rail, air), the external cost component is the difference between the willingness to pay for scarce access slots and the existing access slot charge.
Accident costs All direct and indirect costs of an accident (material costs, medical costs, production losses, suffering and grief caused by fatalities).
Part of social costs which is not considered in own and collective risk anticipation and not covered by (third party) insurance.
There is a debate on the level of collective risk anticipation in individual transport; are the costs of a selfinduced accident a matter of (proper) individual risk anticipation or a collective matter? Besides, there are different levels of liability between private insurance schemes (private road transport) and insurance schemes for transport operators (rail, air, waterborne).
Environmental costs
All damages of environmental nuisances (health costs, material damages, biosphere damages, long term risks).
Part of social costs which is not considered (paid for).
Depending on legislation, the level of environmental taxation or liability to realise avoidance measures differs between modes.
Source: 2008 Handbook
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Cost component Private and social costs External part in general Differences between transport modes Costs of scarce infrastructure (congestion and scarcity costs) All costs for traffic users and society (time, reliability, operation, missed economic activities) caused by high traffic densities. Extra costs imposed on all other users and society exceeding own additional costs. For non-scheduled transport (road sector), the external cost component is the difference between marginal cost and average cost based on a congestion cost function. For scheduled transport services (rail, air), the external cost component is the difference between the willingness to pay for scarce access slots and the existing access slot charge. Accident costs All direct and indirect costs of an accident (material costs, medical costs, production losses, suffering and grief caused by fatalities). Part of social costs which is not considered in own and collective risk anticipation and not covered by (third party) insurance. There is a debate on the level of collective risk anticipation in individual transport; are the costs of a selfinduced accident a matter of (proper) individual risk anticipation or a collective matter? Besides, there are different levels of liability between private insurance schemes (private road transport) and insurance schemes for transport operators (rail, air, waterborne). Environmental costs All damages of environmental nuisances (health costs, material damages, biosphere damages, long term risks). Part of social costs which is not considered (paid for). Depending on legislation, the level of environmental taxation or liability to realise avoidance measures differs between modes. Source: 2008 Handbook
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Komponen biaya
pribadi dan sosial biaya
bagian eksternal pada umumnya
Perbedaan antara moda transportasi
Biaya infrastruktur langka (kemacetan dan kelangkaan biaya)
Semua biaya bagi pengguna lalu lintas dan masyarakat (waktu, kehandalan, operasi, terjawab kegiatan ekonomi) yang disebabkan oleh kepadatan lalu lintas tinggi.
Biaya tambahan dikenakan pada semua pengguna lain dan masyarakat melebihi biaya tambahan sendiri.
Untuk non-terjadwal transportasi (sektor jalan), komponen biaya eksternal adalah perbedaan antara biaya marjinal dan biaya rata-rata berdasarkan fungsi biaya kemacetan. Untuk layanan dijadwalkan transportasi (kereta api, udara), komponen biaya eksternal adalah perbedaan antara kesediaan untuk membayar slot akses langka dan biaya Slot akses yang ada.
Kecelakaan biaya Semua biaya langsung dan tidak langsung dari kecelakaan (biaya bahan, biaya medis, kerugian produksi, penderitaan dan kesedihan yang disebabkan oleh kematian).
Bagian dari biaya sosial yang tidak dipertimbangkan dalam sendiri dan kolektif antisipasi risiko dan tidak tercakup oleh (pihak ketiga) asuransi.
Ada perdebatan pada tingkat antisipasi risiko kolektif dalam transportasi individu; adalah biaya dari kecelakaan selfinduced soal antisipasi risiko individu (yang tepat) atau masalah kolektif? Selain itu, ada berbagai tingkat kewajiban antara skema swasta asuransi (transportasi jalan pribadi) dan skema asuransi untuk operator transportasi (kereta api, udara, ditularkan melalui air).
Biaya Lingkungan
Semua kerusakan dari gangguan lingkungan (biaya kesehatan, kerusakan material, kerusakan biosfer, jangka panjang . risiko)
. Bagian dari biaya sosial yang tidak dianggap (dibayar)
Tergantung pada undang-undang, tingkat pajak lingkungan atau kewajiban untuk mewujudkan langkah-langkah penghindaran berbeda antara mode.
Sumber: 2008 Handbook
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