observe them, describe them, classify them, and look for the [scientif terjemahan - observe them, describe them, classify them, and look for the [scientif Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

observe them, describe them, classi

observe them, describe them, classify them, and look for the [scientific] laws explaining them. (Durkheim, 1964[1893]: 32)

Defining Religion in The Division of Labour

One key feature which links Durkheim’s early and later writings on religion is his emphasis upon transcendence. In The Division, religion is seen to involve the non-rational feeling of being in relationship with ‘an infinitely more intense and vast consciousness than that possessed by the individual’, of ‘something sacred, which we feel more or less confusedly outside and above us’ (ibid.: 100). The Division also introduces an idea that Durkheim would later build upon in The Elementary Forms; namely that a belief in God, or gods, is not a necessary criterion for religion. The kind of transcendence that Durkheim has in mind is social rather than theological in nature: ‘offences against the gods are offences against society’ (ibid.: 92–3). Individual support for society’s moral values, says Durkheim, can only be gained through religion:

[Religious forces] dominate us; they are, so to speak, something superhu-man and, at the same time, they bind us to objects, which are outside of our temporal life. They appear to us as an echo of a force which is foreign to us and which is superior to that which we are. (ibid.: 100)

Conceptual Elements in The Division of Labour

Durkheim’s analysis of western social evolution reveals six different types of society on the basis of their increasingly complex structural functional organiza-tion and religious unity. These are as follows: (1) the horde, (2) the tribe composed of clans, (3) the tribal confederation, (4) the ancient city-state, (5) medieval society, (6) the modern industrial nation. Durkheim refers to the first three of these stages as examples of ‘mechanical solidarity’. The last three stages illustrate ‘organic solidarity’.

These terms were problematic for Durkheim, because he was unclear about what was meant by mechanical and organic solidarity as ‘ideal types’ (ibid.: 174). One major source of confusion related to the fact that only those hypothet-ical societies found at either end of the evolutionary tree represented these ‘ideal types’. In addition, there were no existent societies in which both types of integration were not present: ‘they are two aspects of one and the same reality’ (ibid.: 129). Taken together, these two problems served to obscure the six stages mentioned above, which in turn influenced Durkheim’s later decision to abandon the idea of mechanical and organic solidarity altogether (Nisbet, 1972[1966]: 86). At the original time of writing, however, he claimed that we may legitimately refer to a given society as being integrated on the basis of mechanical or organic solidarity, if we can establish that one of these forms of cohesion predominates
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observe them, describe them, classify them, and look for the [scientific] laws explaining them. (Durkheim, 1964[1893]: 32)Defining Religion in The Division of LabourOne key feature which links Durkheim’s early and later writings on religion is his emphasis upon transcendence. In The Division, religion is seen to involve the non-rational feeling of being in relationship with ‘an infinitely more intense and vast consciousness than that possessed by the individual’, of ‘something sacred, which we feel more or less confusedly outside and above us’ (ibid.: 100). The Division also introduces an idea that Durkheim would later build upon in The Elementary Forms; namely that a belief in God, or gods, is not a necessary criterion for religion. The kind of transcendence that Durkheim has in mind is social rather than theological in nature: ‘offences against the gods are offences against society’ (ibid.: 92–3). Individual support for society’s moral values, says Durkheim, can only be gained through religion:[Religious forces] dominate us; they are, so to speak, something superhu-man and, at the same time, they bind us to objects, which are outside of our temporal life. They appear to us as an echo of a force which is foreign to us and which is superior to that which we are. (ibid.: 100)Conceptual Elements in The Division of LabourDurkheim’s analysis of western social evolution reveals six different types of society on the basis of their increasingly complex structural functional organiza-tion and religious unity. These are as follows: (1) the horde, (2) the tribe composed of clans, (3) the tribal confederation, (4) the ancient city-state, (5) medieval society, (6) the modern industrial nation. Durkheim refers to the first three of these stages as examples of ‘mechanical solidarity’. The last three stages illustrate ‘organic solidarity’.
These terms were problematic for Durkheim, because he was unclear about what was meant by mechanical and organic solidarity as ‘ideal types’ (ibid.: 174). One major source of confusion related to the fact that only those hypothet-ical societies found at either end of the evolutionary tree represented these ‘ideal types’. In addition, there were no existent societies in which both types of integration were not present: ‘they are two aspects of one and the same reality’ (ibid.: 129). Taken together, these two problems served to obscure the six stages mentioned above, which in turn influenced Durkheim’s later decision to abandon the idea of mechanical and organic solidarity altogether (Nisbet, 1972[1966]: 86). At the original time of writing, however, he claimed that we may legitimately refer to a given society as being integrated on the basis of mechanical or organic solidarity, if we can establish that one of these forms of cohesion predominates
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mengamati mereka, menggambarkan mereka, mengklasifikasikan mereka, dan mencari hukum [ilmiah] menjelaskan mereka. (Durkheim, 1964 [1893]: 32)

Mendefinisikan Agama di Divisi Perburuhan

Salah satu fitur kunci yang menghubungkan tulisan-tulisan awal dan kemudian Durkheim agama adalah penekanannya pada transendensi. Di Divisi, agama dipandang melibatkan perasaan non-rasional yang dalam hubungan dengan 'kesadaran jauh lebih intens dan luas dari itu dimiliki oleh individu', dari 'sesuatu yang sakral, yang kita merasa lebih atau kurang bingung luar dan di atas kita '(ibid .: 100). Divisi ini juga memperkenalkan sebuah ide yang Durkheim kemudian akan membangun di Bentuk Dasar; yaitu bahwa kepercayaan kepada Tuhan, atau dewa-dewa, bukanlah kriteria yang diperlukan untuk agama. Jenis transendensi yang Durkheim memiliki diingat adalah sosial, bukan teologis di alam: 'pelanggaran terhadap dewa pelanggaran terhadap masyarakat (ibid .: 92-3). Dukungan individu untuk nilai-nilai moral masyarakat, kata Durkheim, hanya dapat diperoleh melalui agama:

[pasukan Keagamaan] mendominasi kita; mereka, sehingga untuk berbicara, sesuatu superhu-man dan, pada saat yang sama, mereka mengikat kita ke objek, yang berada di luar kehidupan duniawi kita. Mereka muncul untuk kita sebagai gema dari kekuatan yang asing bagi kita dan yang lebih unggul dengan yang kita. (ibid .: 100)

Elemen Konseptual di Divisi Perburuhan

analisis Durkheim evolusi sosial Barat mengungkapkan enam jenis masyarakat atas dasar mereka semakin kompleks struktural fungsional organizasi-tion dan kesatuan agama. Ini adalah sebagai berikut: (1) gerombolan, (2) suku terdiri dari klan, (3) konfederasi suku, (4) kuno negara-kota, (5) masyarakat abad pertengahan, (6) bangsa industri modern. Durkheim mengacu pada tiga pertama dari tahap ini sebagai contoh 'solidaritas mekanis'. Tiga tahap terakhir menggambarkan 'solidaritas organik'.

Istilah-istilah ini adalah masalah bagi Durkheim, karena ia tidak jelas tentang apa yang dimaksud dengan solidaritas mekanik dan organik sebagai 'tipe ideal' (ibid .: 174). Salah satu sumber utama kebingungan berkaitan dengan fakta bahwa masyarakat hanya mereka hypothet-ical ditemukan di kedua ujung pohon evolusi diwakili ini 'tipe ideal'. Selain itu, tidak ada masyarakat ada di mana kedua jenis integrasi yang tidak hadir: 'mereka adalah dua aspek dari satu dan realitas yang sama' (ibid .: 129). Secara bersama-sama, dua masalah ini disajikan untuk mengaburkan enam tahap yang disebutkan di atas, yang pada gilirannya mempengaruhi keputusan Durkheim kemudian untuk meninggalkan ide solidaritas mekanik dan organik sama sekali (Nisbet, 1972 [1966]: 86). Pada saat awal penulisan, bagaimanapun, ia mengklaim bahwa kita mungkin sah merujuk ke suatu masyarakat tertentu sebagai yang terintegrasi atas dasar solidaritas mekanik atau organik, jika kita dapat menetapkan bahwa salah satu bentuk-bentuk bersifat lebih dominan kohesi
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