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Variations in cost and revenues available to schoolsA study by the Education Sector Analytical and Capacity DevelopmentPartnership (ACDP, 2013) found that there were considerable variations in thelevel of costs and the amount of revenue available to public senior secondaryschools. The major cost in any school system is the cost of teachers’ salaries.The government meets the salaries of government-service teachers. Teacherswho are not engaged as government-service teachers are paid from othersources and these costs generally are met by parents. Table 4.5 shows thenumbers of teachers in 2011/12 in both civil servant (government service)and non-civil servant categories. The greater proportion of teachers who arenot civil servants are in the private sector. Within these overall figures thereis a high degree of variation across provinces. For example in Jakarta, 33%of teachers are civil servants and 67% non-civil servants. This is in sharpcontrast to Gorontalo with 84% of teachers on civil service contracts and 16%non-civil servants.Costs for parentsParents pay nearly twice as much for senior secondary education thanthey do for junior secondary schooling (see Table 4.6). Most of the costs aretowards money for textbooks, consumables, school uniforms, transportationand school registration. The costs are perceived as significantly higher inschools located in urban areas, particularly for primary schools. Parentalcontributions are calculated in a variety of different ways and can include
direct charges for fees, books, transport and meals. For many families these
costs also have to be balanced against the potential earnings of these young
people if they were to enter the workplace compared with the advantages of
remaining at school until the age of 18 or beyond. The relationship between
the levels of funding at different levels of government and the contribution
made by parents would point to the need for a more streamlined and targeted
approach to funding this stage of education.
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