Variations in cost and revenues available to schoolsA study by the Edu terjemahan - Variations in cost and revenues available to schoolsA study by the Edu Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Variations in cost and revenues ava

Variations in cost and revenues available to schools
A study by the Education Sector Analytical and Capacity Development
Partnership (ACDP, 2013) found that there were considerable variations in the
level of costs and the amount of revenue available to public senior secondary
schools. The major cost in any school system is the cost of teachers’ salaries.
The government meets the salaries of government-service teachers. Teachers
who are not engaged as government-service teachers are paid from other
sources and these costs generally are met by parents. Table 4.5 shows the
numbers of teachers in 2011/12 in both civil servant (government service)
and non-civil servant categories. The greater proportion of teachers who are
not civil servants are in the private sector. Within these overall figures there
is a high degree of variation across provinces. For example in Jakarta, 33%
of teachers are civil servants and 67% non-civil servants. This is in sharp
contrast to Gorontalo with 84% of teachers on civil service contracts and 16%
non-civil servants.
Costs for parents
Parents pay nearly twice as much for senior secondary education than
they do for junior secondary schooling (see Table 4.6). Most of the costs are
towards money for textbooks, consumables, school uniforms, transportation
and school registration. The costs are perceived as significantly higher in
schools located in urban areas, particularly for primary schools. Parental
contributions are calculated in a variety of different ways and can include
direct charges for fees, books, transport and meals. For many families these
costs also have to be balanced against the potential earnings of these young
people if they were to enter the workplace compared with the advantages of
remaining at school until the age of 18 or beyond. The relationship between
the levels of funding at different levels of government and the contribution
made by parents would point to the need for a more streamlined and targeted
approach to funding this stage of education.
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Variations in cost and revenues available to schoolsA study by the Education Sector Analytical and Capacity DevelopmentPartnership (ACDP, 2013) found that there were considerable variations in thelevel of costs and the amount of revenue available to public senior secondaryschools. The major cost in any school system is the cost of teachers’ salaries.The government meets the salaries of government-service teachers. Teacherswho are not engaged as government-service teachers are paid from othersources and these costs generally are met by parents. Table 4.5 shows thenumbers of teachers in 2011/12 in both civil servant (government service)and non-civil servant categories. The greater proportion of teachers who arenot civil servants are in the private sector. Within these overall figures thereis a high degree of variation across provinces. For example in Jakarta, 33%of teachers are civil servants and 67% non-civil servants. This is in sharpcontrast to Gorontalo with 84% of teachers on civil service contracts and 16%non-civil servants.Costs for parentsParents pay nearly twice as much for senior secondary education thanthey do for junior secondary schooling (see Table 4.6). Most of the costs aretowards money for textbooks, consumables, school uniforms, transportationand school registration. The costs are perceived as significantly higher inschools located in urban areas, particularly for primary schools. Parentalcontributions are calculated in a variety of different ways and can include
direct charges for fees, books, transport and meals. For many families these
costs also have to be balanced against the potential earnings of these young
people if they were to enter the workplace compared with the advantages of
remaining at school until the age of 18 or beyond. The relationship between
the levels of funding at different levels of government and the contribution
made by parents would point to the need for a more streamlined and targeted
approach to funding this stage of education.
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Variasi biaya dan pendapatan yang tersedia untuk sekolah-sekolah
Sebuah studi oleh Sektor Analytical Pendidikan dan Pengembangan Kapasitas
Kemitraan (ACDP, 2013) menemukan bahwa ada variasi yang cukup besar dalam
tingkat biaya dan jumlah pendapatan yang tersedia untuk menengah negeri senior
sekolah. Biaya utama dalam sistem sekolah adalah biaya gaji guru.
Pemerintah memenuhi gaji guru pemerintah-layanan. Guru
yang tidak terlibat sebagai guru pemerintah-layanan dibayar dari lain
sumber dan biaya ini umumnya dipenuhi oleh orang tua. Tabel 4.5 menunjukkan
jumlah guru di 2011/12 di kedua PNS (layanan pemerintah)
dan kategori non-PNS. Proporsi yang lebih besar dari guru yang
bukan pegawai negeri di sektor swasta. Dalam angka-angka keseluruhan ada
adalah tingkat tinggi variasi di seluruh provinsi. Misalnya di Jakarta, 33%
dari guru PNS dan 67% pegawai non-sipil. Hal ini tajam
kontras ke Gorontalo dengan 84% guru kontrak layanan sipil dan 16%
pegawai non-sipil.
Biaya untuk orang tua
Orang tua membayar hampir dua kali lebih banyak untuk pendidikan menengah atas dari
yang mereka lakukan untuk sekolah menengah pertama (lihat Tabel 4.6). Sebagian besar biaya yang
terhadap uang untuk buku pelajaran, bahan habis pakai, seragam sekolah, transportasi
dan pendaftaran sekolah. Biaya dianggap sebagai signifikan lebih tinggi di
sekolah yang terletak di daerah perkotaan, terutama untuk sekolah dasar. Parental
kontribusi dihitung dalam berbagai cara yang berbeda dan dapat mencakup
biaya langsung untuk biaya, buku, transportasi dan makanan. Bagi banyak keluarga ini
biaya juga harus diimbangi dengan potensi pendapatan ini muda
orang jika mereka memasuki tempat kerja dibandingkan dengan keunggulan
yang tersisa di sekolah sampai usia 18 atau lebih. Hubungan antara
tingkat pendanaan pada tingkat yang berbeda dari pemerintah dan kontribusi
yang dibuat oleh orang tua akan menunjukkan kebutuhan untuk lebih ramping dan ditargetkan
pendekatan untuk mendanai tahap ini pendidikan.
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