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Informal learning means typically learning other than what takes place in formal, curriculum-based education (Livingstone, 2001). It is often connected to action whose main aim is not learning (Beckett & Hager, 2002). An illustrative example is when an employee is guiding and discussing with a colleague how to solve an acute problem which has arisen at work. In the workplace learn- ing experiences are part of daily actions. Participation in discussions about work-related problems results, on the one hand, in learning new things and, on the other, strengthens skills learnt earlier. The meaning of informal learning is given a broader meaning when learners, without a formal framework, make an effort to learn a task which interests them (Billett, 2001; Illeris, 2011).Learning in workplaces has often been classified as informal or incidental, which may be strengthened by the conception that learning in work situations is accidental, unorganized and valid only at the workplace concerned. In cases like this, people have not observed how learning at workplaces typically proceeds from one aim to the next just like in a school environment (Billett,2001). Placing informal learning solely outside the school environment can lead to stereotypical thinking. Colley, Hodkinson, and Malcolm (2003) studied both informal and formal learning and described them mainly as the minimum attributes to learning which are present in all learning situ- ations. Formal learning always contains informal elements, and informal learning can include for- mal elements. The attributes of formal and informal learning are connected to each other in different ways in different learning situations. From the teacher’s point of view it is essential to recognize these attributes, and understand their mutual relationship and influence on learning.Eraut (2004) classifies the informal learning present at work into three categories according to awareness (Table 1). “Implicit learning” describes learning that is unconscious and takes place with- out the learner necessarily noticing his/her learning. This kind of unplanned learning is very typical of learning attained outside formal education. “Reactive learning” describes learning which is pre- sent at work but which is unplanned and does not include any particular reflection on learning. It involves reacting to issues that arise at work and modifying the approach to them. “Deliberative learning” sets clear targets and goals for the results when working. Learning happens as if it were a by-product among new cumulative work experiences in new practices connected to one’s work.
Acting in a work community and participating in work-community communication become noteworthy factors in the learning process. Learning takes place thus in work communities or, according to Wenger (1998, 2009), in communities of practice and is the outcome of a social pro- cess. It requires active participation in the function of the community. Participation will be gradu- ally deepened when learning proceeds and at the same time will open ever widening chances to participate in the activities of the community. According to Wenger (1998, p. 4, 2009, p. 210) learning in communities of practice is based on four cornerstones: (1) man is a social creature when learning is tied to social situations; (2) knowledge is competence tied to an issue (e.g., singing, repairing machines, writing poems); (3) knowing is participation in order to gain knowledge; (4) meaning is the outcome of learning.
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