DEVELOPING A LIFE CYCLE PERSPECTIVE Advocates contend that the family  terjemahan - DEVELOPING A LIFE CYCLE PERSPECTIVE Advocates contend that the family  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

DEVELOPING A LIFE CYCLE PERSPECTIVE

DEVELOPING A LIFE CYCLE PERSPECTIVE
Advocates contend that the family life cycle perspective offers a positive view of the family’s capacity to retain its stability and continuity at the same time that it evolves and changes its structure as new relational processes occur. It is not so much that a competent family passes through a particular stage stress-free or without resisting change, but rather that it has the resilience to use its potential strengths, resources, and effective interpersonal processes to master the necessary transitions. The more resilient the family, the more capably it reorganizes to deal with disruptions, and thus the more buoyant it appears in bouncing back after temporarily being thrown off course because of developmental transitions (Glantz & Johnson, 1999). Interpersonal conflicts that develop within a family may signal the family’s inability to negotiate a particular life cycle passage or transition point; here the family is thought to have become "stuck" between stages of the life cycle and in need of reorganizing in order to better accommodate to the changing needs of its members.
Different family life cycle stages call for the mastery of specific developmental tasks by its members (see table 2.1 for examples of common tasks from infancy through adolescence). Note that some tasks are universal (e.g., infant attachment to caregivers) while some may be more culture-bound (e.g., the task of developing an individual identity is less commonly found in cultures that emphasize community commitment over individual advancement); see Masten and Coatsworth (1998). Contemporary middle-class American society expects adolescents to behave differently from younger children or from adults, young adults, economic circumstances permitting, are encouraged to develop independence and autonomy. However, developing competencies in a dangerous inner-city environment may call for survival skills that the larger society may consider inappropriate. Different times, such as periods of war, often require different survival skills.
Developmental tasks define role expectations throughout the life cycle. Newly married couples must develop a process for gaining greater closeness and interdependence; the nature of their involvement with one another inevitably changes once they have a child. Parents must remain involved with young children in a way that would be smothering for adolescents (Minuchin, Lee, & Simon, 1996). Family Life cycle advocates argue that the family that has difficulty navigating a particular phase may be temporarily vulnerable. but not necessarily dysfunctional. and may need help before feeling empowered to manage the turning point.

TABLE 2.1 Examples of Developmental Tasks
Infancy to preschool
Attachment to caregiver(s)
Language
Differentiation of self from environment
Self-control and compliance
Middle childhood
school adjustment (attendance, appropriate conduct)
Academic achievement (e.g., learning to read, do arithmetic)
Getting along with peers (acceptance, making friends)
Rule-governed conduct (following rules of society for moral behavior and prosocial conduct)
Adolescence
Successful transition to secondary schooling
Academic achievement (learning skills needed for higher education or work)
Involvement in extracurricular activities (e.g., athletics, clubs)
Forming close friendships within and across gender
Forming a cohesive sense of self identity
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DEVELOPING A LIFE CYCLE PERSPECTIVE Advocates contend that the family life cycle perspective offers a positive view of the family’s capacity to retain its stability and continuity at the same time that it evolves and changes its structure as new relational processes occur. It is not so much that a competent family passes through a particular stage stress-free or without resisting change, but rather that it has the resilience to use its potential strengths, resources, and effective interpersonal processes to master the necessary transitions. The more resilient the family, the more capably it reorganizes to deal with disruptions, and thus the more buoyant it appears in bouncing back after temporarily being thrown off course because of developmental transitions (Glantz & Johnson, 1999). Interpersonal conflicts that develop within a family may signal the family’s inability to negotiate a particular life cycle passage or transition point; here the family is thought to have become "stuck" between stages of the life cycle and in need of reorganizing in order to better accommodate to the changing needs of its members. Different family life cycle stages call for the mastery of specific developmental tasks by its members (see table 2.1 for examples of common tasks from infancy through adolescence). Note that some tasks are universal (e.g., infant attachment to caregivers) while some may be more culture-bound (e.g., the task of developing an individual identity is less commonly found in cultures that emphasize community commitment over individual advancement); see Masten and Coatsworth (1998). Contemporary middle-class American society expects adolescents to behave differently from younger children or from adults, young adults, economic circumstances permitting, are encouraged to develop independence and autonomy. However, developing competencies in a dangerous inner-city environment may call for survival skills that the larger society may consider inappropriate. Different times, such as periods of war, often require different survival skills.Developmental tasks define role expectations throughout the life cycle. Newly married couples must develop a process for gaining greater closeness and interdependence; the nature of their involvement with one another inevitably changes once they have a child. Parents must remain involved with young children in a way that would be smothering for adolescents (Minuchin, Lee, & Simon, 1996). Family Life cycle advocates argue that the family that has difficulty navigating a particular phase may be temporarily vulnerable. but not necessarily dysfunctional. and may need help before feeling empowered to manage the turning point.
TABLE 2.1 Examples of Developmental Tasks
Infancy to preschool
Attachment to caregiver(s)
Language
Differentiation of self from environment
Self-control and compliance
Middle childhood
school adjustment (attendance, appropriate conduct)
Academic achievement (e.g., learning to read, do arithmetic)
Getting along with peers (acceptance, making friends)
Rule-governed conduct (following rules of society for moral behavior and prosocial conduct)
Adolescence
Successful transition to secondary schooling
Academic achievement (learning skills needed for higher education or work)
Involvement in extracurricular activities (e.g., athletics, clubs)
Forming close friendships within and across gender
Forming a cohesive sense of self identity
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PEMBUATAN SIKLUS HIDUP PERSPEKTIF
Advokat berpendapat bahwa keluarga perspektif siklus hidup menawarkan pandangan positif kapasitas keluarga untuk mempertahankan stabilitas dan kontinuitas pada saat yang sama bahwa itu berkembang dan berubah strukturnya sebagai proses relasional baru terjadi. Hal ini tidak begitu banyak bahwa keluarga yang kompeten melewati tahap tertentu bebas stres atau tanpa menolak perubahan, melainkan bahwa ia memiliki ketahanan untuk menggunakan kekuatan potensial, sumber daya, dan proses interpersonal yang efektif untuk menguasai transisi yang diperlukan. Lebih tahan keluarga, semakin cakap itu mereorganisasi untuk menangani gangguan, dan dengan demikian lebih ringan itu muncul dalam memantul kembali setelah sementara yang terlempar saja karena transisi perkembangan (Glantz & Johnson, 1999). Konflik interpersonal yang berkembang di dalam sebuah keluarga mungkin menandakan ketidakmampuan keluarga untuk menegosiasikan bagian siklus hidup tertentu atau titik transisi; di sini keluarga diperkirakan telah menjadi "terjebak" di antara tahapan siklus hidup dan membutuhkan reorganisasi dalam rangka untuk lebih mengakomodasi perubahan kebutuhan anggotanya.
tahapan siklus kehidupan keluarga yang berbeda menuntut penguasaan tugas perkembangan tertentu dengan nya anggota (lihat tabel 2.1 untuk contoh tugas umum dari masa kanak-kanak sampai remaja). Perhatikan bahwa beberapa tugas bersifat universal (misalnya, lampiran bayi kepada pengasuh) sementara beberapa mungkin lebih terikat budaya (misalnya, tugas mengembangkan identitas individu jarang ditemukan dalam budaya yang menekankan komitmen masyarakat atas kemajuan individu); lihat Masten dan Coatsworth (1998). Masyarakat Amerika kelas menengah kontemporer mengharapkan remaja untuk berperilaku berbeda dari anak-anak muda atau dari orang dewasa, dewasa muda, keadaan ekonomi memungkinkan, didorong untuk mengembangkan kemandirian dan otonomi. Namun, mengembangkan kompetensi dalam lingkungan dalam kota berbahaya mungkin panggilan untuk keterampilan bertahan hidup yang masyarakat yang lebih besar dapat mempertimbangkan pantas. Waktu yang berbeda, seperti masa-masa perang, sering membutuhkan keterampilan bertahan hidup yang berbeda.
Tugas perkembangan mendefinisikan harapan peran seluruh siklus hidup. Baru pasangan menikah harus mengembangkan suatu proses untuk mendapatkan kedekatan yang lebih besar dan saling ketergantungan; sifat keterlibatan mereka dengan satu sama lain pasti berubah setelah mereka memiliki anak. Orang tua harus tetap terlibat dengan anak-anak dengan cara yang akan dibekap bagi remaja (Minuchin, Lee, & Simon, 1996). Pendukung siklus Kehidupan Keluarga berpendapat bahwa keluarga yang memiliki kesulitan menavigasi fase tertentu mungkin sementara rentan. tetapi belum tentu disfungsional. dan mungkin perlu bantuan sebelum merasa diberdayakan untuk mengelola titik balik. TABEL 2.1 Contoh Pembangunan Tugas Masa bayi untuk prasekolah Lampiran pengasuh (s) Bahasa Diferensiasi diri dari lingkungan Kontrol diri dan kepatuhan anak Tengah penyesuaian sekolah (kehadiran, perilaku yang sesuai) Akademik prestasi (misalnya, belajar membaca, berhitung) Bergaul dengan rekan-rekan (penerimaan, membuat teman-teman) Peraturan-diatur perilaku (aturan masyarakat untuk perilaku moral dan perilaku prososial berikut) Masa remaja transisi sukses untuk sekolah menengah Prestasi akademik (belajar keterampilan yang dibutuhkan untuk pendidikan tinggi atau bekerja) dalam kegiatan ekstrakurikuler (misalnya, atletik, klub) Membentuk persahabatan di dalam dan di jender Membentuk rasa kohesif identitas diri


















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