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Carl Rogers’s emphasis on the therapist’s ability to empathize with hisclients and to adopt his frame of reference is irrelevant in many traditionalhealing rituals that are instead based on the healer’s authoritative and directinstructions and his or her ability to marshal the assistance of invisible spiritualbeings and powers, perform culturally validated ritual procedures, andinvoke the presence of community members to whom the patient is “re-bound”over the course of the healer’s ritualistic activities. Traditional healing is oftenpublic in nature because its implicit or explicit goal is the reintegration of thepatient into the community (Jilek & Draguns, this volume). At its best, suchholistic healing achieves simultaneously the patient’s inner psychological (re-)integration, her (re-) integration into society, and her (re-) integration into thesociety’s symbolic-religious universe. Person, society, and culture are madewhole again, which is the original meaning of the term healing. However,in spite of the potentially positive contributions of indigenous healers, thereexists a paucity of rigorous research studies evaluating the ability of indigenoushealers to reduce physical and emotional distress in their clientele.It should be added that neither romantic glorifi cations of such healers nornegative descriptions of shamans as psychopathologically impaired charlatansare conducive to an objective assessment of their strengths, weaknesses,and therapeutic effi cacy (Jilek & Draguns, this volume).
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