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9The purpose and impact of capital

9
The purpose and impact of capital adequacy and solvency rules on insurers

Learning objectives

This chapter relates to syllabus section 9.
On completion of this chapter and private research, you should be able to:
• Describe the FSA capital adequacy regime for insurers;
• Assess the impact the UE Solvency II Directive on insurers’ capital;
• Evaluate the use of capital management techniques in insurance;
• Explain the role of financial modeling in determining capital adequacy; and
• Describe role of credit rating agencies in the insurance market.

Introduction
In chapter 1 we discussed the importance of capital to companies in general, and in particular to insurers where there is a need to deal with uncertainty. Regulators recognize this need and set rules to ensure that insurers maintain levels of capital appropriate for their business activities.

In the present chapter we discuss some of the issues around solvency and capital adequacy. This includes the FSA’s capital adequacy regime, the parallel development of the UE Solvency II Directive, the used of capital management and financial modeling techniques, and finally the work of credit rating agencies.

This whole area of the regulation of insurers’ capital appears rather complex to the newcomer and involves a bewildering list of acronyms. This introduction attempts to make the subject clearer by explaining how it all developed and providing a short synopsis of the current position.

(a) Development of the modern approach to regulatory capital
In order to maintain an effective and efficient market, and to protect the customers, regulators take a keen interest in insurers’ capital. They believe it desirable to make sure that insurers remain in business for many years and that there is no significant risk to policyholders having their claims refused as a result of one-off events, such as a series of large claims or fluctuations in the value of assets. Therefore, regulators have traditionally set minimum capital requirements for a company to become and remain authorized to transact insurance. Typically, this is in the range of 15% to 20% of premiums written or a set minimum amount, whichever is the greater. In practice, most reputable insurers operate at a substantially higher level than the regulatory minimum – typically 40% of premiums or greater.

The adoption of Basel II as the framework for international harmonization of insurance regulation (discussed in chapter 8, section B) has meant the regulators across the world are introducing a more sophisticated approach towards capital. The progress varies considerably between regimes – the UE being relatively advanced, and the UK is perhaps the furthest ahead of the main insurance markets. The intention under Pillar I is that regulators should set minimum capital requirements using a risk-based approach (taking into consideration the underwriting account, and assets and liabilities). Firms should additionally be determining their own capital requirement and they should be permitted to use a scenario-based approach based on financial models. Where firms are part of a group, the requirements should take account of additional risks at group level.

In 2004 the UE began to fulfill the first part of Pillar I by implementing Solvency II. This brought in a more risk-based approach to minimum capital requirement in member states. It also started working on the rest of Basel II, which will culminate in the adoption of a Solvency II Directive to supersede Solvency I.

The UK, being a member state of the UK, is subject to the above developments. However, the FSA believed that the Solvency I minimum capital requirement was about half that necessary for insurers in the UK market. It was also unprepared to wait for Solvency II pass through the slow EU legislative process. It therefore applied its own capital resources requirement that works out about twice the level set out in Solvency I. In addition, it has required firms to assess the adequacy of their own financial resources. To do this, regular stress and scenario testing is necessary. Although it is not specified as a requirement, it is presumed that firms will be using financial modeling techniques (i.e. consistent with the provisions of Basel II).

(b) A synopsis of the current position
The following is a brief outline of the present position in respect of solvency and capital adequacy. We hope that it will prepare the reader for the more detailed explanations in the rest of the chapter:

• UK insurers, along with those from other EU (and related) states, are still subject to the soon to be replaced EU Solvency I Directive which specifies a Minimum Capital Requirement (MCR).
• The MCR is the higher of two amounts: a Base Capital Requirement (which is a flat monetary figure designed for very small insurers) and an amount that applies to the majority of insurers that has to be calculated from the volume and type of business. This is the General Insurance Capital Requirement (GICR) or, in the case of a life company, the Long Term Insurance Capital Requirement (LTICR) (plus an extra bit called the Resilience Capital Requirement (RCR) that protects life companies from market risk).
• Solvency I has been implemented into UK law in the form of an MCR requirement in the FSA Handbook in the sourcebook GENPRU. Thus all UK regulated insurers legally must have capital at least as large as their MCR.
• The EU is in the process of introducing its Solvency II Directive, which includes a Basel II inspired risk based replacement for Solvency I (see section B).
• The FSA believed that MCR represents about half as much capital as is needed by an insurer in the UK marketplace and was not prepared to wait for Solvency II. Consequently, it decided to apply its own more stringent rules.
• These are based on one the threshold conditions for authorization that a UK insurer must have capital resources that are ‘adequacy having regard to the size and nature of its business’.
• The FSA therefore specified that, from 2005, UK insurers had to determine a Capital Resources Requirement (CRR).
• The CRR is the greater of the MCR (i.e. must not fall below the EU legal minimum) and a calculation which results in a higher Enhanced Capital Requirement (ECR).
• The FSA also requires insurers to carry out regular assessments on what the firms think their own capital should be. This is known as the Individual Capital Assessment (ICA).
• Once the FSA is in possession of a firm’s ECR and ICA calculations, it will decide whether it agrees with the firm. If it does not agree, the FSA may provide its own view, the Individual Capital Guidance (ICG). Calculating the ICA encourages management to take responsibility for the needs of its own business rather than rely on externally imposed standards.
• As a result of all this, UK authorized insurers are now working to capital requirements that are about twice the amount applicable for their EU counterparts, even those operating in the UK market but authorized to do so by other EU states. This anomaly is likely to continue until the UE Solvency II Directive comes into force across the whole European Union.

Key terms
This chapter features explanations of the following terms and concepts:
Lamfalussy Process Too little capital Solvency Stress and scenario testing
CEIOPS Financial modeling EU Solvency I Directive ECR, WPICC
Quantitative impact studies Credit agencies MCR, BCR, CRR, GICR, LTICR, RCR ICA
Active Capital Management Rating methodology Adequacy financial resources ICG
Too much capital Credit ratings Capital adequacy EU Solvency II Directive

A FSA capital adequacy regime

A1 Background to the FSA regime
EU Solvency requirements for insurers were originally set out in EU Directive in the mind 1970s. The EU has since acknowledged that, in the light of Basel II, these rules have become outdated and it has been developing new, more relevant rules for solvency. This process has been broken up into two parts, commonly called Solvency I which is the current law (discussed here) and Solvency II (discussed in section B).

Solvency I consisted of a relatively simplistic update of the earlier rules, as a temporary measure (pending the development of the more detailed Solvency II proposals). The aim was to:
• Take account of inflation (on the fixed amounts specified in the earlier directives);
• Acknowledge the greater ‘risk’ of certain types of insurance in a simplistic manner; and
• Make minor amendments to the rules for valuation of assets, acceptability of certain types of capital etc.

As we have seen, the Solvency I changes came into effect from the start of 2004 and have been incorporated into UK law. Under these rules the FSA has specified a Minimum Capital Requirement (MCR) which is set out in the General Prudential Sourcebook (GENPRU). This MCR is defined as being: the higher of a flat Base Capital Requirement (BCR) and an amount calculated using simple business metrics. There are different calculations for non-life and life business. Respectively, these are the General Insurance Capital Requirement (GICR) and the Long Term Insurance Capital Requirement (LTICR) (including the Resilience Capital Requirement (RCR) that protects life companies from market risk).

The details of the calculations are as follows:
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9The purpose and impact of capital adequacy and solvency rules on insurersLearning objectivesThis chapter relates to syllabus section 9.On completion of this chapter and private research, you should be able to:• Describe the FSA capital adequacy regime for insurers;• Assess the impact the UE Solvency II Directive on insurers’ capital;• Evaluate the use of capital management techniques in insurance;• Explain the role of financial modeling in determining capital adequacy; and• Describe role of credit rating agencies in the insurance market.IntroductionIn chapter 1 we discussed the importance of capital to companies in general, and in particular to insurers where there is a need to deal with uncertainty. Regulators recognize this need and set rules to ensure that insurers maintain levels of capital appropriate for their business activities.In the present chapter we discuss some of the issues around solvency and capital adequacy. This includes the FSA’s capital adequacy regime, the parallel development of the UE Solvency II Directive, the used of capital management and financial modeling techniques, and finally the work of credit rating agencies.This whole area of the regulation of insurers’ capital appears rather complex to the newcomer and involves a bewildering list of acronyms. This introduction attempts to make the subject clearer by explaining how it all developed and providing a short synopsis of the current position.(a) Development of the modern approach to regulatory capitalIn order to maintain an effective and efficient market, and to protect the customers, regulators take a keen interest in insurers’ capital. They believe it desirable to make sure that insurers remain in business for many years and that there is no significant risk to policyholders having their claims refused as a result of one-off events, such as a series of large claims or fluctuations in the value of assets. Therefore, regulators have traditionally set minimum capital requirements for a company to become and remain authorized to transact insurance. Typically, this is in the range of 15% to 20% of premiums written or a set minimum amount, whichever is the greater. In practice, most reputable insurers operate at a substantially higher level than the regulatory minimum – typically 40% of premiums or greater.The adoption of Basel II as the framework for international harmonization of insurance regulation (discussed in chapter 8, section B) has meant the regulators across the world are introducing a more sophisticated approach towards capital. The progress varies considerably between regimes – the UE being relatively advanced, and the UK is perhaps the furthest ahead of the main insurance markets. The intention under Pillar I is that regulators should set minimum capital requirements using a risk-based approach (taking into consideration the underwriting account, and assets and liabilities). Firms should additionally be determining their own capital requirement and they should be permitted to use a scenario-based approach based on financial models. Where firms are part of a group, the requirements should take account of additional risks at group level.In 2004 the UE began to fulfill the first part of Pillar I by implementing Solvency II. This brought in a more risk-based approach to minimum capital requirement in member states. It also started working on the rest of Basel II, which will culminate in the adoption of a Solvency II Directive to supersede Solvency I.The UK, being a member state of the UK, is subject to the above developments. However, the FSA believed that the Solvency I minimum capital requirement was about half that necessary for insurers in the UK market. It was also unprepared to wait for Solvency II pass through the slow EU legislative process. It therefore applied its own capital resources requirement that works out about twice the level set out in Solvency I. In addition, it has required firms to assess the adequacy of their own financial resources. To do this, regular stress and scenario testing is necessary. Although it is not specified as a requirement, it is presumed that firms will be using financial modeling techniques (i.e. consistent with the provisions of Basel II).(b) A synopsis of the current positionThe following is a brief outline of the present position in respect of solvency and capital adequacy. We hope that it will prepare the reader for the more detailed explanations in the rest of the chapter:• UK insurers, along with those from other EU (and related) states, are still subject to the soon to be replaced EU Solvency I Directive which specifies a Minimum Capital Requirement (MCR).• The MCR is the higher of two amounts: a Base Capital Requirement (which is a flat monetary figure designed for very small insurers) and an amount that applies to the majority of insurers that has to be calculated from the volume and type of business. This is the General Insurance Capital Requirement (GICR) or, in the case of a life company, the Long Term Insurance Capital Requirement (LTICR) (plus an extra bit called the Resilience Capital Requirement (RCR) that protects life companies from market risk).• Solvency I has been implemented into UK law in the form of an MCR requirement in the FSA Handbook in the sourcebook GENPRU. Thus all UK regulated insurers legally must have capital at least as large as their MCR.• The EU is in the process of introducing its Solvency II Directive, which includes a Basel II inspired risk based replacement for Solvency I (see section B).• The FSA believed that MCR represents about half as much capital as is needed by an insurer in the UK marketplace and was not prepared to wait for Solvency II. Consequently, it decided to apply its own more stringent rules.• These are based on one the threshold conditions for authorization that a UK insurer must have capital resources that are ‘adequacy having regard to the size and nature of its business’.• The FSA therefore specified that, from 2005, UK insurers had to determine a Capital Resources Requirement (CRR).• The CRR is the greater of the MCR (i.e. must not fall below the EU legal minimum) and a calculation which results in a higher Enhanced Capital Requirement (ECR).• The FSA also requires insurers to carry out regular assessments on what the firms think their own capital should be. This is known as the Individual Capital Assessment (ICA).• Once the FSA is in possession of a firm’s ECR and ICA calculations, it will decide whether it agrees with the firm. If it does not agree, the FSA may provide its own view, the Individual Capital Guidance (ICG). Calculating the ICA encourages management to take responsibility for the needs of its own business rather than rely on externally imposed standards.• As a result of all this, UK authorized insurers are now working to capital requirements that are about twice the amount applicable for their EU counterparts, even those operating in the UK market but authorized to do so by other EU states. This anomaly is likely to continue until the UE Solvency II Directive comes into force across the whole European Union.Key termsThis chapter features explanations of the following terms and concepts:Lamfalussy Process Too little capital Solvency Stress and scenario testingCEIOPS Financial modeling EU Solvency I Directive ECR, WPICCQuantitative impact studies Credit agencies MCR, BCR, CRR, GICR, LTICR, RCR ICAActive Capital Management Rating methodology Adequacy financial resources ICGToo much capital Credit ratings Capital adequacy EU Solvency II DirectiveA FSA capital adequacy regimeA1 Background to the FSA regimeEU Solvency requirements for insurers were originally set out in EU Directive in the mind 1970s. The EU has since acknowledged that, in the light of Basel II, these rules have become outdated and it has been developing new, more relevant rules for solvency. This process has been broken up into two parts, commonly called Solvency I which is the current law (discussed here) and Solvency II (discussed in section B).Solvency I consisted of a relatively simplistic update of the earlier rules, as a temporary measure (pending the development of the more detailed Solvency II proposals). The aim was to:• Take account of inflation (on the fixed amounts specified in the earlier directives);• Acknowledge the greater ‘risk’ of certain types of insurance in a simplistic manner; and• Make minor amendments to the rules for valuation of assets, acceptability of certain types of capital etc.As we have seen, the Solvency I changes came into effect from the start of 2004 and have been incorporated into UK law. Under these rules the FSA has specified a Minimum Capital Requirement (MCR) which is set out in the General Prudential Sourcebook (GENPRU). This MCR is defined as being: the higher of a flat Base Capital Requirement (BCR) and an amount calculated using simple business metrics. There are different calculations for non-life and life business. Respectively, these are the General Insurance Capital Requirement (GICR) and the Long Term Insurance Capital Requirement (LTICR) (including the Resilience Capital Requirement (RCR) that protects life companies from market risk).The details of the calculations are as follows:
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9
Tujuan dan dampak kecukupan modal dan solvabilitas aturan tentang asuransi Belajar tujuan Bab ini berkaitan dengan bagian silabus 9. Setelah menyelesaikan bab ini dan penelitian pribadi, Anda harus dapat: • Menjelaskan FSA kecukupan modal rezim untuk asuransi; • Menilai dampak Petunjuk UE Solvabilitas II pada modal asuransi '; • Evaluasi penggunaan teknik manajemen modal asuransi; • Jelaskan peran pemodelan keuangan dalam menentukan kecukupan modal; dan • Menjelaskan peran lembaga pemeringkat kredit di pasar asuransi. Pendahuluan Dalam bab 1 kita membahas pentingnya modal untuk perusahaan pada umumnya, dan khususnya asuransi di mana ada kebutuhan untuk menangani ketidakpastian. Regulator menyadari kebutuhan ini dan menetapkan aturan untuk memastikan bahwa asuransi mempertahankan tingkat modal yang tepat untuk kegiatan bisnis mereka. Dalam bab ini kita membahas beberapa isu-isu seputar solvabilitas dan kecukupan modal. Ini termasuk FSA kecukupan modal rezim, pengembangan paralel dari UE Solvabilitas II Directive, yang digunakan manajemen modal dan teknik pemodelan keuangan, dan akhirnya kerja lembaga pemeringkat kredit. Seluruh daerah ini dari regulasi modal asuransi 'muncul agak rumit untuk pendatang baru dan melibatkan daftar membingungkan akronim. Pengenalan ini mencoba untuk membuat subjek lebih jelas dengan menjelaskan bagaimana semua itu dikembangkan dan memberikan sinopsis singkat dari posisi saat ini. (a) Pengembangan pendekatan modern untuk modal peraturan Untuk mempertahankan pasar yang efektif dan efisien, serta melindungi pelanggan , regulator mengambil minat di ibukota asuransi '. Mereka percaya diinginkan untuk memastikan bahwa perusahaan asuransi tetap dalam bisnis selama bertahun-tahun dan bahwa tidak ada risiko yang signifikan kepada pemegang polis memiliki klaim mereka menolak sebagai hasil dari satu kali peristiwa, seperti serangkaian klaim besar atau fluktuasi nilai aset. Oleh karena itu, regulator secara tradisional menetapkan persyaratan modal minimum bagi perusahaan untuk menjadi dan tetap berwenang untuk bertransaksi asuransi. Biasanya, ini berada di kisaran 15% sampai 20% dari premi atau satu set jumlah minimum, mana yang lebih besar. Dalam prakteknya, asuransi paling terkemuka beroperasi pada tingkat yang jauh lebih tinggi dari minimum regulasi -. Biasanya 40% dari premi atau lebih Penerapan Basel II sebagai kerangka kerja untuk harmonisasi internasional peraturan asuransi (dibahas dalam bab 8, bagian B) berarti regulator di seluruh dunia memperkenalkan pendekatan yang lebih canggih terhadap modal. Kemajuan bervariasi antara rezim - UE yang relatif maju, dan Inggris mungkin depan terjauh dari pasar asuransi utama. Niat bawah Pilar I adalah bahwa regulator harus menetapkan persyaratan modal minimum dengan menggunakan pendekatan berbasis risiko (dengan mempertimbangkan account underwriting, dan aset dan kewajiban). Perusahaan harus tambahan akan menentukan kebutuhan modal mereka sendiri dan mereka harus diizinkan untuk menggunakan pendekatan berbasis skenario berdasarkan model keuangan. Dimana perusahaan adalah bagian dari kelompok, persyaratan harus mempertimbangkan risiko tambahan di tingkat kelompok. Pada tahun 2004 UE mulai memenuhi bagian pertama dari Pilar I dengan menerapkan Solvabilitas II. Ini membawa pendekatan berbasis risiko lebih persyaratan modal minimum di negara-negara anggota. Hal ini juga mulai bekerja pada sisa Basel II, yang akan berujung pada penerapan Directive Solvabilitas II untuk menggantikan Solvabilitas I. Inggris, menjadi negara anggota Inggris, tunduk pada perkembangan di atas. Namun, FSA percaya bahwa persyaratan modal minimum Solvabilitas saya sekitar setengah yang diperlukan untuk asuransi di pasar Inggris. Itu juga tidak siap untuk menunggu Solvabilitas II melewati proses legislatif Uni Eropa yang lambat. Oleh karena itu diterapkan persyaratan sumber daya modal sendiri yang bekerja di luar perusahaan sekitar dua kali tingkat yang ditetapkan dalam Solvabilitas I. Selain itu, telah diminta untuk menilai kecukupan sumber daya keuangan mereka sendiri. Untuk melakukan hal ini, stres biasa dan pengujian skenario diperlukan. Meskipun tidak ditentukan sebagai syarat, dianggap bahwa perusahaan akan menggunakan teknik pemodelan keuangan (yaitu konsisten dengan ketentuan Basel II). (b) Sinopsis dari posisi saat ini Berikut ini adalah gambaran singkat dari posisi saat ini dalam hal solvabilitas dan kecukupan modal. Kami berharap bahwa itu akan mempersiapkan pembaca untuk penjelasan lebih rinci dalam pasal selanjutnya: • asuransi Inggris, bersama dengan orang-orang dari Uni Eropa lainnya (dan terkait) menyatakan, masih tunduk pada segera diganti EU Directive Solvabilitas I yang menentukan Kewajiban Penyediaan Modal Minimum (MCR). • The MCR adalah lebih tinggi dari dua jumlah: a Kebutuhan Modal Dasar (yang merupakan tokoh moneter datar dirancang untuk asuransi sangat kecil) dan jumlah yang berlaku untuk sebagian besar perusahaan asuransi yang harus dihitung dari volume dan jenis usaha. Ini adalah Kebutuhan Asuransi Umum Capital (GICR) atau, dalam kasus sebuah perusahaan kehidupan, Long Term Capital Insurance Kebutuhan (LTICR) (ditambah sedikit tambahan yang disebut Kebutuhan Ketahanan Modal (RCR) yang melindungi perusahaan asuransi jiwa dari risiko pasar) . • Solvabilitas I telah dilaksanakan dalam hukum Inggris dalam bentuk persyaratan MCR di FSA Handbook dalam acuan GENPRU. Jadi, semua Inggris asuransi diatur secara hukum harus memiliki modal minimal sama besar dengan MCR mereka. • Uni Eropa sedang dalam proses memperkenalkan nya Directive Solvabilitas II, yang mencakup penggantian Basel II terinspirasi risiko berbasis Solvabilitas I (lihat bagian B). • FSA percaya bahwa MCR mewakili sekitar setengah sebanyak modal yang dibutuhkan oleh perusahaan asuransi di pasar Inggris dan tidak siap untuk menunggu Solvabilitas II. Akibatnya, memutuskan untuk menerapkan aturan yang lebih ketat sendiri. • ini didasarkan pada satu kondisi ambang batas untuk otorisasi bahwa asuransi Inggris harus memiliki sumber daya modal yang 'kecukupan dengan memperhatikan ukuran dan sifat bisnis perusahaan. • FSA Oleh karena itu ditentukan bahwa, dari tahun 2005, asuransi Inggris harus menentukan Kebutuhan Modal Resources (CRR). • The CRR adalah lebih besar dari MCR (yaitu tidak harus jatuh di bawah minimum hukum Uni Eropa) dan perhitungan yang menghasilkan Modal Peningkatan yang lebih tinggi Kebutuhan (ECR). • FSA juga mengharuskan perusahaan asuransi untuk melakukan penilaian secara berkala mengenai apa perusahaan berpikir modal sendiri harus. Hal ini dikenal sebagai Individual Capital Assessment (ICA). • Setelah FSA dalam kepemilikan ECR perusahaan dan perhitungan ICA, itu akan memutuskan apakah setuju dengan perusahaan. Jika tidak setuju, FSA dapat memberikan pandangan sendiri, Individu Capital Bimbingan (ICG). Menghitung ICA mendorong manajemen untuk mengambil tanggung jawab untuk kebutuhan bisnis sendiri daripada bergantung pada standar eksternal dikenakan. • Sebagai hasil dari semua ini, Inggris resmi asuransi sekarang bekerja untuk kebutuhan modal yang sekitar dua kali jumlah berlaku untuk Uni Eropa mereka rekan-rekan, bahkan mereka beroperasi di pasar Inggris tetapi berwenang untuk melakukannya oleh negara-negara Uni Eropa lainnya. Anomali ini kemungkinan akan berlanjut sampai UE Solvabilitas II Petunjuk mulai berlaku di seluruh Uni Eropa. Kunci istilah Bab ini menampilkan penjelasan dari istilah berikut dan konsep: Lamfalussy Proses Terlalu sedikit Solvabilitas modal Stres dan skenario pengujian CEIOPS Keuangan pemodelan Uni Eropa Solvabilitas I Petunjuk ECR, WPICC Kuantitatif lembaga studi dampak Kredit MCR, BCR, CRR, GICR, LTICR, RCR ICA Active metodologi Capital Management Penilaian Kecukupan sumber daya keuangan ICG Terlalu banyak peringkat kredit modal Capital adequacy EU Directive Solvabilitas II A FSA rezim kecukupan modal A1 Latar Belakang Rezim FSA EU Solvabilitas persyaratan untuk asuransi awalnya ditetapkan dalam EU Directive dalam pikiran 1970. Uni Eropa sejak mengakui bahwa, dalam terang Basel II, aturan ini telah menjadi usang dan telah mengembangkan baru, aturan yang lebih relevan untuk solvabilitas. Proses ini telah dipecah menjadi dua bagian, biasa disebut Solvabilitas I yang merupakan hukum saat ini (yang dibahas di sini) dan Solvabilitas II (dibahas dalam bagian B). Solvabilitas I terdiri dari update yang relatif sederhana dari aturan sebelumnya, sebagai tindakan sementara (menunggu perkembangan Solvabilitas yang lebih rinci usulan II). Tujuannya adalah untuk: • Ambil akun inflasi (pada jumlah tetap ditentukan dalam arahan sebelumnya); • Mengakui besar 'risiko' dari beberapa jenis asuransi secara sederhana; dan • Membuat perubahan kecil pada aturan untuk penilaian aset, penerimaan jenis tertentu modal dll Seperti yang telah kita lihat, perubahan Solvabilitas Saya mulai berlaku dari awal tahun 2004 dan telah dimasukkan ke dalam hukum Inggris. Berdasarkan aturan ini FSA telah ditentukan Kewajiban Penyediaan Modal Minimum (MCR) yang diatur dalam General Prudential Sourcebook (GENPRU). MCR ini didefinisikan sebagai: semakin tinggi dari Capital Requirement Basis datar (BCR) dan jumlah yang dihitung dengan menggunakan metrik bisnis sederhana. Ada perhitungan yang berbeda untuk non-hidup dan kehidupan bisnis. . Masing-masing, ini adalah Kebutuhan Asuransi Umum Capital (GICR) dan Long Term Capital Insurance Kebutuhan (LTICR) (termasuk Kebutuhan Ketahanan Modal (RCR) yang melindungi perusahaan asuransi jiwa dari risiko pasar) Rincian perhitungan adalah sebagai berikut:































































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