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10.3.3.1 Heat–Moisture TreatmentIf the water content is lower than that required for gelatinization but thetemperature is within what is necessary for gelatinization, or higher, the starchis exposed to what has been described as a heat–moisture treatment [119–122].their properties change. Some examples of the influence of heat–moistureFor the starches in Table 10.4, both Toand Tchave moved to highertemperatures after the treatment. For potato and wheat starches exposed toheat–moisture treatment (16 hr at 100°C, 27% water), a DSC study showedthat not only was the gelatinization temperature range broadened and movedto higher temperatures but the biphasic endotherm, normally observed atintermediate water contents, was also observed for the treated samples inexcess water [123]. The biphasic endotherm was more evident when themoisture content was high during the treatment (i.e., 27%). The structuralchanges seemed to be greater in potato starch than wheat starch. This is alsoevident from the fact that the x-ray pattern is changed (from B-pattern to Apattern) [123]. For cassava/tapioca, a change from the C-pattern to the Apattern has been observed due to heat–moisture treatment [120]. Theheat–moisture treatment thus causes a change in the type of crystallinity, fromthe less stable polymorphs (B and C) to the most stable one (A). It has beenobserved that a transition from the B-polymorph to the A-polymorph mightalso occur in response to microwave radiation [123a].Other properties, such as swelling power and solubility, also change. Adecrease in these properties has been observed for several starches, includingwheat and potato starches [122,124]. The effect was greater for potato starch,meaning that this starch became more similar to wheat starch. The bakingperformance of the heat-treated potato starch improved somewhat but was stillinferior compared with wheat starch [119]. For the latter starch, the bakingperformance deteriorated with heat–moisture treatment.In the examples given above, heat–moisture treatments have been appliedto starches on purpose; however, such treatment might be expected to occurchanges may be neither known nor desired. One such process that mightinfluence starch properties is the drying of wheat kernels, which might resultin increased Tmvalues measured by DSC [125] and increased relative crystallinity of the starch [126]. The x-ray pattern, in accordance with the discussionabove, is the A-pattern, independent of the drying temperature; however, anew d-spacing appears at 4.4 Å that has been attributed to the V-pattern. Ithas been suggested that the drying procedure causes the formation of anincreased number of amylose–lipid complexes or more crystalline complexes.Also, the growing conditions in the field might influence starch gelatinizationtemperatures [125a].© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCIf these samples are then gelatinized (i.e., moved to the right in Figure 10.2),treatment on physicochemical properties are given in Table 10.4[87,199–122]
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