CultureThe culture of Cyprus is div

Culture
The culture of Cyprus is divided between the two distinct cultures of Greek and Turkish Cypriots. Each community maintains its own culture, linked to the cultures of Greece and Turkey, and there is little cultural interchange between the two groups. The Greek culture has been present on the island since antiquity.[51] The Turkish culture arrived with the invasion of the Ottoman Empire in 1570. British rule left the island still divided with no unified culture.[159]

Art[edit]

New THOC theatre in Nicosia
The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of Chalcolithic period carved figures in the villages of Khoirokoitia and Lempa.[160] The island is the home to numerous examples of high quality religious icon painting from the Middle Ages as well as many painted churches. Cypriot architecture was heavily influenced by French Gothic and Italian renaissance introduced in the island during the era of Latin domination (1191–1571).

In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice.[161] Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis (1900–1994) who studied at London's Royal College of Art and Christopheros Savva (1924–1968) who also studied in London, at Saint Martin's School of Art.[162] In many ways these two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and both their artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influential to this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in England[163] while others train at art schools in Greece and local art institutions such as the Cyprus College of Art, University of Nicosia and the Frederick Institute of Technology.


Aphrodite; Greek goddess of love, beauty and sexuality, is said to have been born in Cyprus.
One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although conceptual art is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre [9]. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene. Cyprus was due to host the international art festival Manifesta in 2006 but this was cancelled at the last minute following a dispute between the Dutch organizers of Manifesta and the Cyprus Ministry of Education and Culture over the location of some of the Manifesta events in the Turkish sector of the capital Nicosia.[164][165]

Other notable Cypriot artists include Rhea Bailey, Mihail Kkasialos, Ioannis Kissonergis, Theodoulos Gregoriou, Helene Black, George Skoteinos, Kalopedis family, Panayiotis Kalorkoti, Nicos Nicolaides, Stass Paraskos, Arestís Stasí, Telemachos Kanthos, Konstantia Sofokleous and Chris Achilleos.

Music[edit]
Main article: Music of Cyprus

Lute; dominant instrument of the Cypriot traditional music.

Prominent Cypriot pop singer Michalis Hatzigiannis
The traditional folk music of Cyprus has several common elements with Greek, Turkish, and Arabic music including Greco-Turkish dances such as the sousta, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, and karsilamas as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired tsifteteli and arapies. There is also a form of musical poetry known as chattista which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonly associated with Cyprus folk music are the bouzouki, oud ("outi"), violin ("fkiolin"), lute ("laouto"), accordion, Cyprus flute ("pithkiavlin") and percussion (including the "toumperleki"). Composers associated with traditional Cypriot music include Evagoras Karageorgis, Marios Tokas, Solon Michaelides and Savvas Salides. Among musicians is also the acclaimed pianist Cyprien Katsaris.

Popular music in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek Laïka scene; artists who play in this genre include international platinum star Anna Vissi,[166][167][168][169] Evridiki, and Sarbel. Hip Hop, R&B and reggae have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the urban music scene at Ayia Napa. Cypriot rock music and Éntekhno rock is often associated with artists such as Michalis Hatzigiannis and Alkinoos Ioannidis. Metal also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, Winter's Verge and Quadraphonic.

Literature[edit]
Main article: Cypriot literature

Zeno of Citium, founder of the Stoic school of philosophy.
Literary production of the antiquity includes the Cypria, an epic poem, probably composed in the late 7th century BC and attributed to Stasinus. The Cypria is one of the very first specimens of Greek and European poetry.[170] The Cypriot Zeno of Citium was the founder of the Stoic School of Philosophy.


Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) was a Nicosia born Greek Cypriot scholar and professor of Philosophy who was largely active in the 17th century.[171]
Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during Middle Ages. Two chronicles, one written by Leontios Machairas and the other by Georgios Voustronios, cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489). Poèmes d'amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by Petrarch, Bembo, Ariosto and G. Sannazzaro.[172] Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times such as Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.[173]

Hasan Hilmi Efendi, a Turkish Cypriot poet, was rewarded by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II and said to be the "sultan of the poems".[174]

Modern literary figures from Cyprus include the poet and writer Kostas Montis, poet Kyriakos Charalambides, poet Michalis Pasiardis, writer Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, Loukis Akritas[175] and Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the Cypriot-Greek dialect.[176][177] Lawrence Durrell lived in Northern Cyprus from 1952 until 26 August 1956 and wrote the book Bitter Lemons concerning his time there which won the second Duff Cooper Prize in 1957. The majority of the play Othello by William Shakespeare is set on the island of Cyprus. Cyprus also figures in religious literature such as the Acts of the Apostles according to which the Apostles Barnabas and Paul preached on the island.

Cinema[edit]
The most renowned Cypriot director to have worked abroad is Michael Cacoyannis.

Cypriot cinema was born much later than that of other countries. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, George Filis produced and directed Gregoris Afxentiou, Etsi Prodothike i Kypros (Cyprus Betrayal), and The Mega Document.

In 1994, cinematographic production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. As of the year 2000, the annual amount set aside in the national budget stands at Cy Pounds 500,000 (about 850,000 Euros). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the Council of Europe's Eurimages Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature-length films in which a Cypriot was executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was I Sphagi tou Kokora (1992), completed in 1996, Hellados (And the Trains Fly to the Sky, 1995), which is currently in post-production, and Costas Demetriou's O Dromos gia tin Ithaki (The Road to Ithaka, 1997) which premiered in March 2000. The theme song to The Road to Ithaka was composed by Costas Cacoyannis and sung by Alexia Vassiliou. In September 1999, To Tama (The Promise) by Andreas Pantzis also received funding from the Eurimages Fund.[178] In 2009 the Greek director, writer and producer Vassilis Mazomenos filmed in Cyprus Guilt. The film was awarded in 2012 with the Best Screenwriting and Best Photography award in London Greek Film Festival (U.K.) and was official selection in Montreal World Film Festival, Cairo International Film Festival, India International Film Festival, Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival, Fantasporto and opening film in the Panorama of European Cinema in Athens. In 2010 the film was Nominated for the best film from the Hellenic Film Academy.

Cuisine[edit]
Main article: Cypriot cuisine

Taverns at the Limassol Wine Festival in August

Cypriot meze

Typical Cypriot style cafeteria in an arcade in Nicosia
Halloumi cheese originated in Cyprus[179][180] and was initially made during the Medieval Byzantine period.[181] Halloumi (Hellim) is commonly served sliced, either fresh or grilled, as an appetiser.

Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, red mullet, and sea bass. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and taro. Other traditional delicacies of are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as lountza (smoked pork loin), charcoal-grilled lamb, souvlaki (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and sheftalia (minced meat wrapped in mesentery). Pourgouri (bulgur, cracked wheat) is the traditional source of carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy koubes.

Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, okra, green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, mandarines, nectarines, medlar, blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.

Cyprus is also well known for its desserts, including lokum (also known as Turkish

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Budaya
Budaya Siprus dibagi antara dua budaya yang berbeda dari Siprus Yunani dan Turki. Setiap komunitas mempertahankan budaya sendiri, terkait dengan budaya Yunani dan Turki, dan ada pertukaran budaya kecil antara kedua kelompok. Kebudayaan Yunani telah hadir di pulau sejak jaman dahulu. [51] Budaya Turki tiba dengan invasi Kekaisaran Ottoman pada tahun 1570. pemerintahan Inggris meninggalkan pulau masih dibagi tanpa budaya terpadu. [159] Seni [sunting] New THOC Teater di Nicosia Sejarah seni Siprus dapat dikatakan untuk meregangkan kembali ke 10.000 tahun, menyusul ditemukannya serangkaian periode Chalcolithic diukir tokoh di desa Khoirokoitia dan Lempa. [160] Pulau adalah rumah bagi banyak contoh berkualitas tinggi ikon agama lukisan dari Abad Pertengahan serta banyak gereja dicat. Arsitektur Siprus sangat dipengaruhi oleh Perancis Gothic dan kebangkitan Italia diperkenalkan di pulau selama era dominasi Latin (1191-1571). Di zaman modern sejarah seni Siprus dimulai dengan pelukis Vassilis Vryonides (1883-1958) yang belajar di Akademi Seni baik di Venesia. [161] Diperdebatkan dua pendiri seni Siprus modern adalah Adamantios Diamantis (1900-1994) yang belajar di London Royal College of Art dan Christopheros Savva (1924-1968) yang juga belajar di London, di Saint Martin School of Art. [162] Dalam banyak hal kedua seniman mengatur template untuk seni Siprus berikutnya dan kedua gaya artistik dan pola pendidikan mereka tetap berpengaruh sampai hari ini. Secara khusus sebagian besar seniman Siprus masih melatih di Inggris [163] sementara yang lain berlatih di sekolah seni di Yunani dan lembaga seni lokal seperti Siprus College of Art, University of Nicosia dan Frederick Institute of Technology. Aphrodite; Dewi cinta Yunani, keindahan dan seksualitas, dikatakan telah dilahirkan di Siprus. Salah satu fitur seni Siprus adalah kecenderungan lukisan figuratif meskipun seni konseptual sedang ketat dipromosikan oleh sejumlah seni "lembaga" dan terutama Nicosia Municipal Art Centre [9]. Galeri seni kota ada di semua kota-kota utama dan ada adegan seni komersial besar dan hidup. Siprus adalah karena tuan rumah festival seni internasional Manifesta pada tahun 2006 tapi ini dibatalkan pada menit terakhir menyusul perselisihan antara penyelenggara Belanda Manifesta dan Siprus Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan atas lokasi beberapa peristiwa Manifesta di sektor Turki ibukota [164] [165] Nicosia. seniman Siprus penting lainnya termasuk Rhea Bailey, Mihail Kkasialos, Ioannis Kissonergis, Theodoulos Gregoriou, Helene Hitam, George Skoteinos, keluarga Kalopedis, Panayiotis Kalorkoti, Nicos Nicolaides, Stass Paraskos, Arestis Stasi, Telemachos Kanthos, Konstantia Sofokleous dan Chris Achilleos. Musik [sunting] Artikel utama: Musik Siprus Lute; instrumen yang dominan dari musik tradisional Siprus. Tokoh penyanyi pop Siprus Michalis Hatzigiannis The musik rakyat tradisional Siprus memiliki beberapa elemen umum dengan musik Yunani, Turki, dan Arab termasuk tarian Greco-Turki seperti Sousta tersebut, syrtos, zeibekikos, tatsia, dan karsilamas serta tsifteteli Timur Tengah terinspirasi dan arapies. Ada juga bentuk musikalisasi puisi yang dikenal sebagai chattista yang sering dilakukan pada perayaan tradisional dan perayaan. Instrumen yang umumnya terkait dengan Siprus musik rakyat yang arranger tersebut, oud ("Outi"), biola ("fkiolin"), kecapi ("laouto"), akordeon, Siprus seruling ("pithkiavlin") dan perkusi (termasuk "toumperleki" ). Komposer terkait dengan musik tradisional Siprus termasuk Evagoras Karageorgis, Marios Tokas, Solon Michaelides dan Savvas Salides. Di antara musisi juga pianis terkenal Cyprien Katsaris. musik populer di Siprus umumnya dipengaruhi oleh adegan Yunani Laika; artis yang bermain di genre ini termasuk bintang platinum internasional Anna Vissi, [166] [167] [168] [169] Evridiki, dan Sarbel. Hip Hop, R & B dan reggae telah didukung oleh munculnya rap Siprus dan musik urban di Ayia Napa. Musik rock Siprus dan Éntekhno batu sering dikaitkan dengan artis seperti Michalis Hatzigiannis dan Alkinoos Ioannidis. Logam juga memiliki berikut kecil di Siprus diwakili oleh band-band seperti Armageddon (rev.16: 16), Blynd, Verge musim dingin dan quadraphonic. Sastra [sunting] Artikel utama: sastra Siprus Zeno dari Citium, pendiri sekolah filsafat Stoic. produksi sastra kuno yang meliputi Cypria, sebuah puisi epik, mungkin terdiri pada akhir abad ke-7 SM dan dikaitkan dengan Stasinus. The Cypria adalah salah satu spesimen pertama puisi Yunani dan Eropa. [170] The Siprus Zeno dari Citium adalah pendiri Stoic Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat. Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622-1687) adalah seorang sarjana Siprus Yunani Nicosia lahir dan profesor Filsafat yang sebagian besar aktif di abad ke-17. [171] Epic puisi, terutama "lagu acritic", berkembang selama Abad Pertengahan. Dua kronik, yang ditulis oleh Leontios Machairas dan yang lainnya oleh Georgios Voustronios, menutupi seluruh Abad Pertengahan sampai akhir Frank aturan (abad ke-4-1489). Poèmes d'amour ditulis dalam abad pertengahan Yunani tanggal Siprus kembali dari abad ke-16. Beberapa dari mereka adalah terjemahan sebenarnya puisi yang ditulis oleh Petrarch, Bembo, Ariosto dan G. Sannazzaro. [172] Banyak sarjana Siprus melarikan diri Siprus pada masa sulit seperti Ioannis Kigalas (c. 1622-1687) yang bermigrasi dari Siprus ke Italia di abad ke-17, beberapa karya-karyanya telah bertahan dalam buku-buku ulama lainnya. [173] Hasan Hilmi Efendi, seorang penyair Siprus Turki, dihargai oleh Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II dan dikatakan sebagai "sultan puisi". [174] tokoh sastra modern dari Siprus termasuk penyair dan penulis Kostas Montis, penyair Kyriakos Charalambides, penyair Michalis Pasiardis, penulis Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, Loukis Akritas [175] dan Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides dan Pavlos Liasides adalah penyair rakyat yang menulis puisi terutama dalam dialek Siprus-Yunani. [176] [177] Lawrence Durrell tinggal di Siprus Utara dari tahun 1952 sampai dengan 26 Agustus 1956 dan menulis buku Bitter Lemon tentang waktunya di sana yang memenangkan kedua Duff Cooper Prize pada tahun 1957. Sebagian besar bermain Othello oleh William Shakespeare diatur di pulau Siprus. Siprus juga tokoh dalam sastra agama seperti Kisah Para Rasul yang menurut Rasul Barnabas dan Paulus berkhotbah di pulau. Cinema [sunting] Direktur Siprus yang paling terkenal telah bekerja di luar negeri adalah Michael Cacoyannis. bioskop Siprus lahir lebih lambat dari bahwa negara-negara lain. Pada akhir 1960-an dan awal 1970-an, George Filis diproduksi dan disutradarai Gregoris Afxentiou, ETSI Prodothike i Kypros (Cyprus Pengkhianatan), dan Mega Dokumen. Pada tahun 1994, produksi sinematografi menerima dorongan dengan pembentukan Komite Penasehat Cinema. Pada tahun 2000, jumlah tahunan disisihkan dalam anggaran nasional berdiri di Cy Pounds 500.000 (sekitar 850.000 Euro). Selain bantuan pemerintah, Siprus co-produksi yang memenuhi syarat untuk pendanaan dari Dewan Eropa Eurimages Fund, yang membiayai Eropa Film produksi bersama. Sampai saat ini, empat film panjang di mana Siprus yang merupakan produser eksekutif telah menerima dana dari Eurimages. Yang pertama adalah saya Sphagi tou Kokora (1992), selesai pada tahun 1996, Hellados (Dan Kereta Fly to the Sky, 1995), yang saat ini dalam pasca-produksi, dan Costas Demetriou O Dromos gia tin Ithaki (The Road to Ithaka, 1997) yang perdana pada Maret 2000. Lagu tema untuk The Road to Ithaka disusun oleh Costas Cacoyannis dan dinyanyikan oleh Alexia Vassiliou. Pada bulan September 1999, Untuk Tama (The Promise) oleh Andreas Pantzis juga menerima dana dari Eurimages Fund. [178] Pada tahun 2009 Yunani sutradara, penulis dan produser Vassilis Mazomenos difilmkan di Siprus Rasa bersalah. Film ini diberikan pada tahun 2012 dengan Screenwriting Terbaik dan penghargaan Fotografi Terbaik di London Film Festival Yunani (Inggris) dan seleksi resmi di Montreal World Film Festival, Kairo Festival Film Internasional, India International Film Festival, Tallinn Hitam Nights Festival Film, Fantasporto dan membuka Film di Lintasan Cinema Eropa di Athena. Pada tahun 2010 film ini dinominasikan untuk film terbaik dari Akademi Hellenic Film. Cuisine [sunting] Artikel utama: Masakan Siprus Taverns di Wine Festival Limassol pada bulan Agustus meze Siprus Khas gaya Siprus kantin di arcade di Nicosia keju Halloumi berasal di Siprus [ 179] [180] dan pada awalnya dibuat selama periode Bizantium abad pertengahan. [181] Halloumi (Hellim) umumnya disajikan diiris, baik segar atau panggang, sebagai hidangan pembuka. hidangan ikan Laut dan termasuk cumi-cumi, gurita, mullet merah, dan laut bass. Mentimun dan tomat yang digunakan secara luas dalam salad. Persiapan sayuran umum termasuk kentang dalam minyak zaitun dan peterseli, acar kembang kol dan bit, asparagus dan talas. Lezat tradisional lainnya adalah daging direndam dalam kering biji ketumbar dan anggur, dan akhirnya dikeringkan dan merokok, seperti lountza (merokok babi pinggang), domba bakar arang, souvlaki (daging babi dan ayam yang dimasak di atas arang), dan sheftalia (daging cincang yang dibungkus dalam mesenterium). Pourgouri (bulgur, retak gandum) adalah sumber tradisional karbohidrat selain roti, dan digunakan untuk membuat koubes kelezatan. Sayuran segar dan buah-buahan adalah bahan yang umum. Sayuran yang sering digunakan antara lain cabai merah, paprika hijau, okra, kacang hijau, artichoke, wortel, tomat, mentimun, selada dan daun anggur, dan kacang-kacangan seperti kacang, kacang-kacangan luas, kacang polong, kacang hitam bermata, cewek-kacang polong, dan lentil. Buah yang paling umum dan kacang-kacangan adalah pir, apel, anggur, jeruk, mandarines, nektarin, medlar, blackberry, ceri, stroberi, buah ara, semangka, melon, alpukat, lemon, pistachio, almond, cokelat, walnut, dan kemiri. Siprus adalah juga terkenal karena makanan penutup, termasuk lokum (juga dikenal sebagai Turki