solving regardless of technique, and scientists are interested in soph terjemahan - solving regardless of technique, and scientists are interested in soph Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

solving regardless of technique, an

solving regardless of technique, and scientists are interested in sophistication of method regardless of applicability. Yet the q ues¬tion of pUre and applied research is one of degree rather than kind; the designation is related to long- and short -term considera¬tions. However, •overemphasis on pure research and technique development rather than problem solving has resulted in low yield from investments in management science. 1n fact the "batting average" has been miserable in terms of the percentage of recom-mendations that eventually affect operations.
Some of my graduate students undertook to write to the authors of cases reported in Operations Research over the first ix ;,ears of its publication to determine to what extent the recommendations of the studies had been carried out by management. In no case was there sufficient evidence that the recommendations had been ac¬cepted.""
Often it is assumed that pertinent information is available, within such constraints as time and cost, and that analysis could lead to appropriate knowledge and action if communication were to bring about understanding. But effective communication re¬quires listening, a rare skill. The manager would have to pay attention to the "correct" signals in order to ensure implementa¬tion of suggested changes. According to Churchman, such a task is formidable; "we argued in the end that none of these ingredients matters at all unless the manager pays attention to the problem, and that paying attention is an obscure process of the managerial mind, little understood by management scientists."37
Developing mutual understanding is necessary before prog¬ess can be made in identifying appropriate problems for analysis and in implementing the results of research in the designated areas. The standard techniques may be applicable to problems in which the manager is not interested. Or the n-laneger may have inputs which completely restructure the situation as against the researcher's assumptions.
Four possible approaches to the interface dilernma have been identified as (1) separate function. (2) communication, (3) persua¬sion, and (4) mutual understanding."' The first approach irnplies
""C. West Churchman, "Managerial Acceptance of Scientific Recommendations," Californin Management Review, Fall 1964, p. 33.
":1bid., p. 37.
.'"C. W. Churchman and A. H. Schainblatt, "The Researcher and the Manager: A Dialectic of Implementation," Ma►agement Science, February 1965, pp. B-69-13-87. See also Mannseme►t Scicncc, October 1965, for extensive cornmer.ary by various authors concerning this article



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pemecahan apapun teknik, dan ilmuwan yang tertarik kecanggihan metode tanpa penerapan. Namun ues¬tion q penelitian murni dan terapan adalah salah satu gelar daripada jenis; penunjukan ini berkaitan dengan panjang - pendek - jangka considera¬tions. Namun, •overemphasis pada penelitian murni dan pengembangan teknik daripada pemecahan masalah telah mengakibatkan rendah hasil dari investasi dalam ilmu manajemen. 1N fakta "memukul rata-rata" telah menderita dalam hal persentase recom-mendations yang akhirnya mempengaruhi operasi.Beberapa mahasiswa pascasarjana saya berusaha untuk menulis ke penulis kasus yang dilaporkan dalam riset operasi atas ix pertama; telinga publikasi untuk menentukan sejauh mana rekomendasi dari penelitian yang telah dilakukan oleh manajemen. Dalam kasus tidak ada bukti yang cukup bahwa rekomendasi yang telah ac¬cepted.""Sering hal ini diasumsikan bahwa informasi terkait tersedia, dalam batasan tersebut sebagai waktu dan biaya, dan bahwa analisis dapat menyebabkan sesuai pengetahuan dan tindakan jika komunikasi untuk membawa pemahaman. Tetapi komunikasi efektif re¬quires mendengarkan, keahlian yang langka. Manajer harus memperhatikan sinyal "benar" dalam rangka untuk memastikan implementa¬tion perubahan yang disarankan. Menurut Churchman, suatu tugas tangguh; "kami berpendapat dalam akhir bahwa tak satu pun dari hal-hal bahan ini sama sekali kecuali manajer memperhatikan masalah, dan itu membayar perhatian adalah proses mengaburkan pikiran manajerial, difahami oleh para ilmuwan manajemen."37Mengembangkan saling pengertian diperlukan sebelum prog¬ess dapat dibuat dalam mengidentifikasi masalah yang sesuai untuk analisis dan dalam pelaksanaan hasil penelitian di daerah yang ditunjuk. Teknik standar yang mungkin berlaku untuk masalah-masalah di mana Manajer itu tidak tertarik. Atau n-laneger mungkin memiliki input yang benar-benar merestrukturisasi situasi dibandingkan asumsi peneliti.Empat mungkin pendekatan untuk antarmuka dilernma telah diidentifikasi sebagai fungsi (1). (2) komunikasi, persua¬sion (3), dan (4) saling pengertian.' Irnplies pendekatan pertama"" Churchman C. West, "Penerimaan manajerial ilmiah rekomendasi," Californin manajemen Review, musim gugur tahun 1964, p. 33.": 1bid., halaman 37..'"C. W. Churchman dan A. H. Schainblatt, "peneliti dan Manager: A dialektika pelaksanaan," ilmu Ma►agement, Februari 1965, ms. B-69-13-87. Lihat juga Mannseme►t Scicncc, Oktober 1965, untuk luas cornmer.ary oleh berbagai penulis tentang artikel ini
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