The main difference between Sunnis

The main difference between Sunnis and Shias lies in their interpretation of the rightful succession of leadership after the death of the prophet Muhammad. The declaration of faith to which all Muslims assent is this: There is no God but Allah, whose prophet is Muhammad. However, the Shiites add an extra phrase at the end: and Ali is the friend of God. Because the Shiites passionately attest to Ali being the successor to Muhammad, much feuding and division have been caused in the world of Islam, not unlike the feuding between Protestants and Roman Catholics in Europe during the Reformation. However, the schism that sets up the major sects of Islam is not due to doctrinal issues, as between Protestants and Catholics, but is grounded in the identity of the “true successor” to Muhammad.

Among the close disciples of Muhammad was Ali, his son-in-law, who was most familiar with his teachings. However, when Muhammad died in A.D. 632, the followers bypassed Ali, whom the Shiites claim as the rightful successor to Muhammad. Instead, a cousin of Muhammad’s third successor, Uthman (A.D. 644-656), called Mu’awiya Umayyad, declared himself caliph. When he died in A.D. 680, his son Yazid usurped the caliphate instead of Ali’s youngest son, Hussein. The feud between rightful successors or caliphs was fought at the battle of Karbala. Hussein was slain, but his sole son, Ali, survived and continued the line of succession. Yazid, however, gave rise to the Ummayad line of succession, from which modern-day Sunnism arose.

As for their beliefs, both Sunni and Shia Muslims agree on the five pillars of Islam. While the Sunnites honor Ali, they do not venerate their imams as having the gift of divine intercession. Sunnites conduct community prayers and believe they can have a direct relationship with God. Of the two, Shiite Muslims have a burning desire to engage in martyrdom and believe that suffering is a means of spiritual cleansing. They dwell on the martyrdoms of Ali and Hussein, especially over the ten-day period of Ashura. Also noteworthy is the veneration that Shiites give to the imams, believing they are endowed with infallibility in their interpretation of the Qur’an. In many ways, this mirrors the way the pope is venerated in Rome.

In terms of actual practice, the Sunni Muslims pray five times a day: the fajr, the zohr, the asar, the maghrib and finally the isha (“darkness”). Shia Muslims only pray three times—morning, lunchtime and sunset. Another important difference between the two sects is that Shia Muslims permit fixed-term temporary marriage, known as muttah. Muttah was originally permitted at the time of the Prophet and is now being promoted in Iran by an unlikely alliance of conservative clerics and feminists, the latter group seeking to downplay the obsession with female virginity which is prevalent in both forms of Islam, pointing out that only one of the Prophet's thirteen wives was a virgin when he married her.

Iran is overwhelmingly Shia - 89 percent. Shia Muslims also form a majority of the population of Yemen, Azerbaijan, Bahrain and 60 percent of the population of Iraq. There are also sizeable Shia communities along the east coast of Saudi Arabia and in Lebanon. The well-known guerrilla organization Hezbollah, which forced the Israelis out of southern Lebanon in 2000, is Shia. Worldwide, Shias constitute 10 to 15 percent of the overall Muslim population, but they make up the majority of the radical, violent element of Islam.

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Perbedaan utama antara legal dan sebutnya terletak di interpretasi mereka hak suksesi kepemimpinan setelah kematian Nabi Muhammad. Deklarasi iman yang semua orang Muslim persetujuan ini: tidak ada Allah selain Allah, Muhammad adalah nabi yang. Namun, golongan pengikut Shiite menambahkan frase tambahan pada akhir: dan Ali adalah sahabat Allah. Karena golongan pengikut Shiite bergairah membuktikan sebagai pewaris kepada Muhammad Ali, banyak bermusuhan dan divisi telah disebabkan di dunia Islam, tidak seperti bermusuhan antara Protestan dan Roman Katolik di Eropa pada masa reformasi. Namun, perpecahan yang mendirikan mazhab yang utama Islam bukan karena isu-isu doktrinal, antara Protestan dan Katolik, tetapi didasarkan pada identitas "penerus sejati" Muhammad. Di antara murid-murid dekat Muhammad adalah Ali, menantunya, yang paling akrab dengan ajaran-ajarannya. Namun, ketika Muhammad wafat tahun 632 Masehi, para pengikut dilewati Ali, siapa golongan pengikut Shiite mengklaim sebagai penerus sah Muhammad. Sebaliknya, sepupu dari Muhammad pengganti ketiga, Usman (A.D. 644-656), disebut Mu'awiya Umayyah, menyatakan dirinya sebagai Kholifah. Ketika ia mati di A.D. 680, putranya Yazid dirampas kekhalifahan bukan Ali putra bungsu, Hussein. Perseteruan antara penerusnya yang sah atau Khalifah bertempur pada pertempuran Karbala. Hussein dibunuh, tetapi anaknya yang tunggal, Ali, selamat dan melanjutkan garis keturunan. Yazid, namun, memunculkan baris Ummayad berturut-turut, yang modern-hari Sunnism muncul.Adapun keyakinan mereka, umat Muslim Syiah dan Sunni setuju pada rukun Islam. Sementara Sunnites menghormati Ali, mereka tidak memuliakan mereka imam sebagai memiliki karunia ilahi syafaat. Sunnites melakukan doa komunitas dan percaya bahwa mereka dapat memiliki hubungan langsung dengan Tuhan. Dari dua, Muslim Syiah memiliki keinginan untuk terlibat dalam kemartiran dan percaya bahwa penderitaan adalah sarana permbersihan spiritual. Mereka memikirkan kemartiran Ali dan Hussein, terutama selama periode sepuluh hari Asyura. Juga penting adalah pemujaan yang Syiah berikan kepada para imam, percaya mereka dikaruniai infalibilitas interpretasi mereka Al-Qur'an. Dalam banyak hal, ini mencerminkan cara Paus dihormati di Roma.Dalam prakteknya, Muslim Sunni berdoa lima kali sehari: Fajar, zohr, asar, maghrib dan akhirnya Isya ("kegelapan"). Umat Muslim Syiah hanya berdoa tiga kali — pagi, Makan Siang, dan matahari terbenam. Perbedaan penting antara mazhab-mazhab dua yang lain adalah bahwa umat Muslim Syiah izin perkawinan sementara jangka waktu tetap, yang dikenal sebagai muttah. Muttah awalnya diperbolehkan pada saat nabi dan sekarang sedang dipromosikan di Iran oleh aliansi tidak mungkin konservatif ulama dan feminis, kelompok kedua berusaha mengecilkan obsesi dengan keperawanan perempuan yang lazim dalam kedua bentuk Islam, menunjukkan bahwa hanya satu dari tiga belas istri nabi adalah perawan ketika ia menikahinya.Iran adalah sangat banyak Syiah - 89 persen. Umat Muslim Syiah juga membentuk mayoritas penduduk Yaman, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, dan 60 persen dari populasi Irak. Ada juga cukup besar masyarakat Syiah sepanjang Pantai Timur Saudi Arabia dan di Lebanon. Organisasi terkenal gerilya Hizbullah, yang memaksa Israel keluar dari Lebanon Selatan pada tahun 2000, adalah Syiah. Di seluruh dunia, sebutnya merupakan 10-15 persen dari populasi Muslim secara keseluruhan, tetapi mereka membuat mayoritas elemen radikal, kekerasan Islam.