where fQ (x) is the output of the quantizer. From the above equation,  terjemahan - where fQ (x) is the output of the quantizer. From the above equation,  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

where fQ (x) is the output of the q

where fQ (x) is the output of the quantizer. From the above equation, it is clear
that the total distortion can be reduced by decreasing the quantization noise,
[x —/‘Q (x) ] ' , where the pdf, p (x) . is large. This means that quantization levels
need to be concentrated in amplitude regions of high probability.

To design an optimal nonuniform quantizer, we need to determine the quantization levels which will minimize the distortion of a signal with a given pdf. The Lloyd-Max algorithm [Max60] provides a method to determine the optimum quantization levels by iteratively changing the quantization levels in a manner that minimizes the mean square distortion.

A simple and robust implementation of a nonuniform quantizer used in commercial telephony is the logarithmic quantizer. This quantizer uses fine quantization steps for the frequently occurring low amplitudes in speech and uses much coarser steps for the less frequent, large amplitude excursions. Different companding techniques known as ii-law and A-law companding are usedin the U.S and Europe, respectively.

Nonuniform quantization is obtained by first passing the analog speech signal through a compression (logarithmic) amplifier, and then passing the compressed speech into a standard uniform quantizer. In U.S. ii -law companding, weak speech signals are amplified where strong speech signals are compressed. Let the speech voltage level into the compander be w (t) and the speech output voltage be vo (t) . Following [Smi57],
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where fQ (x) is the output of the quantizer. From the above equation, it is clearthat the total distortion can be reduced by decreasing the quantization noise,[x —/‘Q (x) ] ' , where the pdf, p (x) . is large. This means that quantization levelsneed to be concentrated in amplitude regions of high probability.To design an optimal nonuniform quantizer, we need to determine the quantization levels which will minimize the distortion of a signal with a given pdf. The Lloyd-Max algorithm [Max60] provides a method to determine the optimum quantization levels by iteratively changing the quantization levels in a manner that minimizes the mean square distortion.A simple and robust implementation of a nonuniform quantizer used in commercial telephony is the logarithmic quantizer. This quantizer uses fine quantization steps for the frequently occurring low amplitudes in speech and uses much coarser steps for the less frequent, large amplitude excursions. Different companding techniques known as ii-law and A-law companding are usedin the U.S and Europe, respectively.Nonuniform quantization is obtained by first passing the analog speech signal through a compression (logarithmic) amplifier, and then passing the compressed speech into a standard uniform quantizer. In U.S. ii -law companding, weak speech signals are amplified where strong speech signals are compressed. Let the speech voltage level into the compander be w (t) and the speech output voltage be vo (t) . Following [Smi57],
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
di mana FQ (x) adalah output dari quantizer. Dari persamaan di atas, jelaslah
bahwa total distorsi dapat dikurangi dengan mengurangi kebisingan kuantisasi,
[x - / 'Q (x)]', di mana pdf, p (x). besar. Ini berarti bahwa tingkat kuantisasi
harus terkonsentrasi di daerah amplitudo probabilitas tinggi. Untuk merancang quantizer seragam optimal, kita perlu menentukan tingkat kuantisasi yang akan meminimalkan distorsi sinyal dengan diberikan pdf. Lloyd-Max algoritma [Max60] menyediakan metode untuk menentukan tingkat kuantisasi optimal oleh iteratif mengubah tingkat kuantisasi dengan cara yang meminimalkan distorsi mean square. Implementasi sederhana dan kuat dari quantizer seragam yang digunakan dalam telepon komersial adalah quantizer logaritmik . Quantizer ini menggunakan langkah-langkah kuantisasi fi ne untuk sering terjadi amplitudo rendah dalam pidato dan menggunakan langkah-langkah lebih kasar untuk lebih jarang, kunjungan amplitudo besar. Teknik companding yang berbeda dikenal sebagai ii-hukum dan companding A-hukum yang DIGUNAKANDI AS dan Eropa, masing-masing. kuantisasi seragam diperoleh dengan pertama melewati sinyal suara analog melalui kompresi (logaritmik) penguat, dan kemudian melewati pidato dikompresi menjadi standar quantizer seragam. Di AS ii -law companding, sinyal suara lemah penguat ed mana sinyal pidato kuat yang dikompresi. Biarkan tingkat tegangan pidato dalam compander yang menjadi w (t) dan tegangan keluaran suara menjadi vo (t). Berikut [Smi57],





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