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overinvestment perusahaan potensial. Oleh karena itu, temuan mereka menawarkan ada bukti yang mendukung hipotesis arus kas bebas.Yoon dan Stark (1995) memeriksa sampel perubahan dividen 4,179 antara tahun 1969 dan 1988. Mereka menemukan bahwa rata-rata normal kembalinya rendah-Q perusahaan secara signifikan lebih tinggi daripada perusahaan tinggi-Q untuk kenaikan dividen.Namun, ada tidak ada perbedaan dalam besarnya harga saham reaksi antara kedua kelompok setelah mengontrol untuk ukuran dividen perubahan, yield dividen dan nilai pasar perusahaan. Hasil ini adalah dengan Lang dan Litzenberger (1989) yang menemukan reaksi harga saham signifikan lebih tinggi untuk perusahaan rendah-Q daripada untuk high-Q perusahaan. Pemeriksaan dari belanja modal perusahaan setelah perubahan dividen menunjukkan bahwa ada peningkatan yang signifikan (berkurang) dalam belanja modal yang meningkat berikut dividen (berkurang) bagi perusahaan-perusahaan tanpa kesempatan investasi mereka, hasil yang konsisten dengan hipotesis arus kas bebas.Using a sample of 6,777 dividend changes between 1962 and 1988 to examine the relation between dividend change announcements and stock price reactions, Denis, Denis, and Sarin (1994) find that abnormal returns around dividend changes are positively related to the magnitude of dividend changes and to the level of dividend yield, but unrelated to Tobin’s Q. In addition, their results indicate that analysts revise their forecasts of future earnings following dividend change announcements and that low-Q firms actually increase (decrease) capital expenditures following dividend increases (decreases). Collectively, their findings do not support the free cash flow hypothesis.Investigating 570 special dividends, 7,417 regular dividend increases, and 207 self-tender offers, Lie (2000) find that firms tend to have excess funds before the payout announcements and that the stock price reaction to these announcements is significantly related to excess funds and the firm’s investment opportunities, as measured by Tobin’s Q, for self-tender offers and large special dividends but not for regular dividend increases and small special dividends. Overall, his results are consistent with the free cash flow hypothesis, i.e., cash payouts help curtail potential overinvestment by managers.2.2 Life cycle hypothesisFama dan Perancis studi (2001) kecenderungan untuk membayar dividen dari perusahaan-perusahaan AS antara 1926 dan 1999. Mereka menemukan bahwa persentase perusahaan membayar dividen menurun secara substansial setelah tahun 1978, yaitu, proporsi pembayar dividen mencapai puncaknya 66.5% pada tahun 1978 tetapi jatuh ke hanya 20,8% pada tahun 1999. Bukti mereka menunjukkan bahwa proporsi lebih rendah pembayar dividen, sebagian, karena lonjakan baru daftar dari perusahaan kecil dengan profitabilitas rendah tetapi peluang investasi yang tinggi yang pernah membayar dividen.In a comprehensive investigation of a large sample of 7,642 dividend change announcements between 1967 and 1993, Grullon, Michaely, Swaminathan (2002) find that dividend-increasing firms do not increase their capital expenditures in the years after dividend increases. Moreover, the systematic risk of dividend-increasing firms significantly declines around dividend increase announcements, resulting in a significant decline in their cost of capital. Grullen et al. indicate that this decline in systematic risk is a significant determinant of the positive stock price reaction to dividend increases. Further, they find a permanent increase in the dividend payout ratios of dividend-increasing firms. The result that these firms can maintain higher dividends is consistent with Lintner’s (1956) finding that managers attempt to smooth dividends. Following these findings, Grullon et al. propose the maturity hypothesis, positing that a firm tends to increase dividends as it move from a growth phase to a more mature phase. As a growth firm becomes mature, its investment opportunities decline, which, in turn, would lead to an increase in the firm free cash flows. A mature firm then pays out these free cash flows in the form of dividends or share repurchases. Therefore, a dividend increase may signal not only a change in the firm’s fundamental but also a commitment of management not to overinvest. DeAngelo, DeAngelo, and Stulz (2006) test the life-cycle theory by examining whether the probability to pay dividends is related to the earned/contributed capital mix, as measured by retained earnings to total equity (RE/TE) or retained earnings to total assets (RE/TA). Typically, firms with low RE/TE (RE/TA) tend to be in the growth stage and reliant on external capital while firms with high RE/TE (RE/TA) tend to be more mature with high accumulated profits, thus making them good candidates to pay dividends. Consistent with the life-cycle theory, their evidence indicates that the earned/contributed capital mix has a positively significant relation with
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