SampleBaseline data showed that participants were mostly women (59.2%) terjemahan - SampleBaseline data showed that participants were mostly women (59.2%) Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

SampleBaseline data showed that par

Sample

Baseline data showed that participants were mostly women (59.2%), aged between 30 and 49 years (68.7%; mean = 34.3 years), African American (87.5%), and unemployed (92.0%); most had never been married (65.3%). About half had earned a high school degree or its equivalent (48.7%), and 32.2% considered themselves homeless, with 11.7% having lived on the street or in a homeless shelter in the 6 months prior to intake. Sizable percentages of the participants reported histories of physical (24.3%), emotional (34.6%), and sexual (18.8%) victimization.

On average, participants had initiated drug use at age 16.8 years, had used regularly for 14.4 years, and had used regularly for 18 years, of the preceding 30 days. Most (53.2%) reported prior addiction treatment, including 27.4% with 2 or more prior treatment episodes. More than 98% of participants had used multiple substances in their lifetime, and 76% had done so in the 30 days before intake. The most common substances used 5 or more times in the 30 days before intake were cocaine (34.8%), alcohol (20.7%), heroin (31.1%), and marijuana (8.5%). Few participants (3.8%) reported injecting drugs in the 6 months prior to intake. Other problems included major depression (36.4%); generalized anxiety disorder (36.3%); a history of criminal justice involvement, including arrests (76.9%), convictions (49.9%), and incarceration of 1 or more months (39.1%); and current probation or parole status (25.0%).

Data Collection

The main study instrument was an augmented version of the Addiction Severity Index, 48,49 which includes questions on age, lifetime and past-month problem severity, employment, family situation, and psychiatric functioning. We modified the instrument to collect more detailed data on treatment and incarceration histories, service use, high-risk behaviors, mental distress, pregnancy, illegal activity, criminal justice involvement, recovery environment, drug use practices (or lack thereof) of friends, impact of substance use on relationships, type of disability or chronic condition, body mass index, motivation, and coping.

The Addiction Severity Index drug (α=0.71), alcohol (α=0.86), and psychiatric (α=0.83) composites have been shown to have good internal consistency,28,47 with selfreported use of outpatient, methadone, and residential treatment in the first 6 months after intake correlating well (>0.7) with treatment records. In a substudy of 259 participants, there was good concordance between urine tests and self-reported rates of substance use both overall (73%) and specifically with respect to opioids (82%), cocaine (68%), and marijuana (68%). The test-retest reliability was also good (j values ranged from 0.62-0.86) across the subscales, meeting or exceeding the instrument's published rates of internal consistency (0.6-0.9) and testretest reliability (0.5-0.9).49 The Addiction Severity Index composite scores and other measures have been shown to be sensitive to duration of abstinence as well.35

The follow-up protocol50 involved routine contact with each participant between interviews. If the participant could not be contacted, we attempted to reach collaterals and service agencies with which the participant had dealings to reestablish contact. If we learned from these sources or public records that a client had died, we recorded the period of death (i.e., at what point in the study the death occurred); however, we did not record the date of death or information on the cause of death. Participants received $50 for completing for the interview, $10 for completing it on time, $15 for a urine sample, and $5 for confirming their appointment.
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Sample

Baseline data showed that participants were mostly women (59.2%), aged between 30 and 49 years (68.7%; mean = 34.3 years), African American (87.5%), and unemployed (92.0%); most had never been married (65.3%). About half had earned a high school degree or its equivalent (48.7%), and 32.2% considered themselves homeless, with 11.7% having lived on the street or in a homeless shelter in the 6 months prior to intake. Sizable percentages of the participants reported histories of physical (24.3%), emotional (34.6%), and sexual (18.8%) victimization.

On average, participants had initiated drug use at age 16.8 years, had used regularly for 14.4 years, and had used regularly for 18 years, of the preceding 30 days. Most (53.2%) reported prior addiction treatment, including 27.4% with 2 or more prior treatment episodes. More than 98% of participants had used multiple substances in their lifetime, and 76% had done so in the 30 days before intake. The most common substances used 5 or more times in the 30 days before intake were cocaine (34.8%), alcohol (20.7%), heroin (31.1%), and marijuana (8.5%). Few participants (3.8%) reported injecting drugs in the 6 months prior to intake. Other problems included major depression (36.4%); generalized anxiety disorder (36.3%); a history of criminal justice involvement, including arrests (76.9%), convictions (49.9%), and incarceration of 1 or more months (39.1%); and current probation or parole status (25.0%).

Data Collection

The main study instrument was an augmented version of the Addiction Severity Index, 48,49 which includes questions on age, lifetime and past-month problem severity, employment, family situation, and psychiatric functioning. We modified the instrument to collect more detailed data on treatment and incarceration histories, service use, high-risk behaviors, mental distress, pregnancy, illegal activity, criminal justice involvement, recovery environment, drug use practices (or lack thereof) of friends, impact of substance use on relationships, type of disability or chronic condition, body mass index, motivation, and coping.

The Addiction Severity Index drug (α=0.71), alcohol (α=0.86), and psychiatric (α=0.83) composites have been shown to have good internal consistency,28,47 with selfreported use of outpatient, methadone, and residential treatment in the first 6 months after intake correlating well (>0.7) with treatment records. In a substudy of 259 participants, there was good concordance between urine tests and self-reported rates of substance use both overall (73%) and specifically with respect to opioids (82%), cocaine (68%), and marijuana (68%). The test-retest reliability was also good (j values ranged from 0.62-0.86) across the subscales, meeting or exceeding the instrument's published rates of internal consistency (0.6-0.9) and testretest reliability (0.5-0.9).49 The Addiction Severity Index composite scores and other measures have been shown to be sensitive to duration of abstinence as well.35

The follow-up protocol50 involved routine contact with each participant between interviews. If the participant could not be contacted, we attempted to reach collaterals and service agencies with which the participant had dealings to reestablish contact. If we learned from these sources or public records that a client had died, we recorded the period of death (i.e., at what point in the study the death occurred); however, we did not record the date of death or information on the cause of death. Participants received $50 for completing for the interview, $10 for completing it on time, $15 for a urine sample, and $5 for confirming their appointment.
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Contoh Data dasar menunjukkan bahwa peserta sebagian besar perempuan (59,2%), berusia antara 30 dan 49 tahun (68,7%; rata-rata = 34,3 tahun), Afrika Amerika (87,5%), dan pengangguran (92.0%); paling tidak pernah menikah (65,3%). Sekitar setengah telah mendapatkan gelar sekolah tinggi atau setara (48,7%), dan 32,2% menganggap diri mereka tunawisma, dengan 11,7% setelah tinggal di jalan atau di tempat penampungan tunawisma di 6 bulan sebelum asupan. Persentase yang cukup besar dari peserta melaporkan sejarah fisik (24,3%), emosional (34,6%), dan seksual (18,8%) korban. Rata-rata, para peserta telah memulai penggunaan narkoba pada usia 16,8 tahun, telah digunakan secara teratur selama 14,4 tahun, dan memiliki digunakan secara teratur selama 18 tahun, dari sebelumnya 30 hari. Sebagian besar (53,2%) melaporkan pengobatan kecanduan sebelumnya, termasuk 27,4% dengan 2 atau lebih tahapan pengobatan sebelumnya. Lebih dari 98% peserta telah menggunakan beberapa zat dalam hidup mereka, dan 76% telah melakukannya dalam 30 hari sebelum asupan. Zat yang paling umum digunakan 5 kali atau lebih dalam 30 hari sebelum asupan yang kokain (34,8%), alkohol (20,7%), heroin (31,1%), dan ganja (8,5%). Beberapa peserta (3,8%) melaporkan menyuntikkan obat dalam 6 bulan sebelum asupan. Masalah lain termasuk depresi berat (36,4%); gangguan kecemasan umum (36,3%); sejarah keterlibatan peradilan pidana, termasuk penangkapan (76,9%), keyakinan (49,9%), dan penahanan dari 1 bulan atau lebih (39,1%); dan masa percobaan saat ini atau status pembebasan bersyarat (25,0%). Pengumpulan Data Instrumen penelitian utama adalah versi augmented dari Addiction Severity Index, yang meliputi 48,49 pertanyaan usia, seumur hidup dan tingkat keparahan masalah masa lalu-bulan, pekerjaan, situasi keluarga, dan fungsi kejiwaan. Kami memodifikasi instrumen untuk mengumpulkan data yang lebih rinci mengenai pengobatan dan penahanan sejarah, penggunaan layanan, perilaku berisiko tinggi, tekanan mental, kehamilan, aktivitas ilegal, keterlibatan peradilan pidana, pemulihan lingkungan, praktik penggunaan obat (atau ketiadaan) dari teman-teman, dampak penggunaan zat pada hubungan, jenis cacat atau kondisi kronis, indeks massa tubuh, motivasi, dan mengatasi. The Addiction Severity Index obat (α = 0.71), alkohol (α = 0,86), dan kejiwaan (α = 0.83) komposit telah terbukti memiliki konsistensi internal yang baik, 28,47 dengan penggunaan selfreported dari rawat jalan, metadon, dan perawatan perumahan dalam 6 bulan pertama setelah asupan berhubungan baik (> 0,7) dengan catatan perawatan. Dalam subpenelitian dari 259 peserta, ada kesesuaian yang baik antara tes urine dan tingkat yang dilaporkan sendiri penggunaan narkoba baik secara keseluruhan (73%) dan secara khusus sehubungan dengan opioid (82%), kokain (68%), dan ganja (68% ). Keandalan tes-tes ulang itu juga baik (nilai j berkisar 0,62-0,86) di seluruh sub-skala, memenuhi atau melampaui harga yang diumumkan instrumen konsistensi internal (0,6-0,9) dan kehandalan testretest (0,5-0,9) .49 The Addiction Severity Index skor komposit dan langkah-langkah lain telah terbukti peka terhadap durasi pantang sebagai well.35 Tindak lanjut protocol50 kontak rutin terlibat dengan masing-masing peserta antara wawancara. Jika peserta tidak bisa dihubungi, kami berusaha untuk mencapai jaminan dan lembaga-lembaga pelayanan dengan mana peserta harus berurusan untuk membangun kembali kontak. Jika kita belajar dari sumber-sumber atau catatan publik bahwa klien telah meninggal, kami mencatat periode kematian (yaitu, pada titik dalam studi kematian terjadi); Namun, kami tidak mencatat tanggal kematian atau informasi tentang penyebab kematian. Peserta menerima $ 50 untuk menyelesaikan untuk wawancara, $ 10 untuk menyelesaikannya tepat waktu, $ 15 untuk sampel urin, dan $ 5 untuk mengkonfirmasi janji mereka.











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