Like many people with his capacity

Like many people with his capacity to remember, Toscanini mayalso have used memory

tricks called mnemonics. Shereshevskii, forexample, employed a technique known as loci. As

soon

as

he

hearda

series

of

words,

he

mentally

"distributed"

them

along

Gorky

Streetin

Moscow. If one of the words was "orange," he might visualizea man stepping on an orange at

a precise location on the familiarstreet. Later, in order to retrieve "orange," he would take an

imaginarywalk down Gorky Street and see the image from which it could easilybe recalled. Did

the waiter at Bananas have such a system? Whatwas his secret?

John

Conrad

would

be

the

subject

of

Anders

Ericsson's

secondin-depth

study

of

the

machinations of memory. As a researchassociate at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh,

Ericsson hadspent the previous three years working with William Chase on anextensive study

of

Steve

Faloon,

an

undergraduate

whose

memoryand

intellectual

skills

were

considered

average. When Ericsson andChase began testing Faloon, he could

remember no more than

sevenrandom digits after hearing them spoken once. According to generallyaccepted research,

almost everyone is

capable

of storing

five to

ninerandom digits in short-term memory. After

twenty months of workingwith Chase and Ericsson, Faloon could memorize and retrieveeighty

digits.

"The important thing about our testing Faloon is that researchersusually study experts,"

Chase says. "We studied a novice andwatched him grow into an expert. Initially, we were just

running teststo see whether his digit span could be expanded. For

four days hecould not go

beyond seven digits. On

the fifth day he discovered

hismnemonic system and then began to

improve rapidly."

Faloon's

intellectual

abilities

didn't

change,

the

researchers

say.Nor

did

the

storage

capacity of

his short-term

memory. Chase

andEricsson believe that short-term

memory is a

more

or

less

fixedquantity.

It

reaches

saturation

quickly,

and

to

overcome

its

limitationsone

must learn to link new data with material that is permanentlystored in long-term memory. Once

the associations have been made,the short-term memory is free to absorb new information.

Shereshevskiitransferred material from short-term to long-term memoryby placing words along

Gorky Street in Moscow. Faloon's hobby waslong

-distance running, and he discovered that he

could break downa spoken list of eighty digits into units of three or four and associatemost of

these with running times.



To Faloon, a series like 4 , 0 , 1 ,2 would translate as

four minutes,one

and two

-tenths

seconds,

or

"near

a

four-minute

mile";

2,

1,4,

7

would

be

encoded

as

two

hours

fourteen

minutes seven seconds,or "an excellent marathon time." When running didn't provide thelink

to his long-term memory, ages and dates did; 1, 9, 4, 4 is notrelevant to running, but it is "near

the end of World War II."



Chase and Ericsson see individual differences in memory performanceas

resulting from

previous experience and mental training. "Insum," they write, "adult memory performance can

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Like many people with his capacity to remember, Toscanini mayalso have used memory tricks called mnemonics. Shereshevskii, forexample, employed a technique known as loci. As soon as he hearda series of words, he mentally "distributed" them along Gorky Streetin Moscow. If one of the words was "orange," he might visualizea man stepping on an orange at a precise location on the familiarstreet. Later, in order to retrieve "orange," he would take an imaginarywalk down Gorky Street and see the image from which it could easilybe recalled. Did the waiter at Bananas have such a system? Whatwas his secret? John Conrad would be the subject of Anders Ericsson's secondin-depth study of the machinations of memory. As a researchassociate at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Ericsson hadspent the previous three years working with William Chase on anextensive study of Steve Faloon, an undergraduate whose memoryand intellectual skills were considered average. When Ericsson andChase began testing Faloon, he could remember no more than sevenrandom digits after hearing them spoken once. According to generallyaccepted research, almost everyone is capable of storing five to ninerandom digits in short-term memory. After twenty months of workingwith Chase and Ericsson, Faloon could memorize and retrieveeighty digits. "The important thing about our testing Faloon is that researchersusually study experts," Chase says. "We studied a novice andwatched him grow into an expert. Initially, we were just running teststo see whether his digit span could be expanded. For four days hecould not go beyond seven digits. On the fifth day he discovered hismnemonic system and then began to improve rapidly." Faloon's intellectual abilities didn't change, the researchers say.Nor did the storage capacity of his short-term memory. Chase andEricsson believe that short-term memory is a more or less fixedquantity. It reaches saturation quickly, and to overcome its limitationsone must learn to link new data with material that is permanentlystored in long-term memory. Once the associations have been made,the short-term memory is free to absorb new information. Shereshevskiitransferred material from short-term to long-term memoryby placing words along Gorky Street in Moscow. Faloon's hobby waslong-distance running, and he discovered that he could break downa spoken list of eighty digits into units of three or four and associatemost of these with running times. To Faloon, a series like 4 , 0 , 1 ,2 would translate as four minutes,one and two-tenths seconds, or "near a four-minute mile"; 2, 1,4, 7 would be encoded as two hours fourteen minutes seven seconds,or "an excellent marathon time." When running didn't provide thelink untuk memori jangka panjang, usia dan tanggal melakukan; 1, 9, 4, 4 adalah notrelevant untuk menjalankan, tapi itu "dekat akhir Perang Dunia II." Chase dan Ericsson melihat perbedaan individu dalam memori performanceas dihasilkan dari pengalaman dan pelatihan mental. "Insum," mereka menulis, "dewasa memori kinerja dapat

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Seperti banyak orang dengan kemampuannya untuk mengingat, Toscanini mayalso telah menggunakan memori trik yang disebut mnemonik. Shereshevskii, sebagai contoh, menggunakan teknik yang dikenal sebagai lokus. Sebagai segera sebagai ia hearda seri dari kata-kata, ia secara mental "didistribusikan" mereka bersama Gorky Streetin Moskow. Jika salah satu dari kata-kata itu "orange," ia mungkin visualizea pria menginjak sebuah jeruk di lokasi yang tepat di familiarstreet tersebut. Kemudian, dalam rangka untuk mengambil "orange," ia akan mengambil imaginarywalk bawah Gorky Street dan melihat gambar yang bisa easilybe ingat. Apakah pelayan di Pisang memiliki sistem seperti itu? Whatwas rahasianya? John Conrad akan menjadi yang subjek dari Anders Ericsson secondin mendalam studi dari para intrik memori. Sebagai researchassociate di Carnegie Mellon University-di Pittsburgh, Ericsson hadspent tiga tahun sebelumnya bekerja dengan William Chase studi anextensive dari Steve Faloon, seorang sarjana yang memoryand intelektual keterampilan yang dianggap rata-rata. Ketika Ericsson andChase mulai menguji Faloon, ia bisa mengingat tidak lebih dari sevenrandom digit setelah mendengar mereka berbicara sekali. Menurut penelitian generallyaccepted, hampir semua orang mampu menyimpan lima sampai ninerandom angka dalam memori jangka pendek. Setelah dua puluh bulan workingwith Chase dan Ericsson, Faloon bisa menghafal dan retrieveeighty digit. "Yang penting tentang pengujian kami Faloon adalah bahwa para ahli studi researchersusually," kata Chase. "Kami mempelajari pemula andwatched dia tumbuh menjadi seorang ahli. Awalnya, kami hanya menjalankan teststo melihat apakah rentang nya digit bisa diperluas. Untuk empat hari hecould tidak pergi melampaui tujuh angka. Pada hari kelima ia menemukan sistem hismnemonic dan kemudian mulai meningkatkan cepat. "Faloon ini intelektual kemampuan tidak berubah, para peneliti say.Nor melakukan yang penyimpanan kapasitas jangka pendek memori. Chase andEricsson percaya bahwa jangka pendek memori adalah lebih atau kurang fixedquantity. Ini mencapai kejenuhan cepat, dan untuk mengatasi nya limitationsone harus belajar untuk menghubungkan data baru dengan bahan yang permanentlystored dalam memori jangka panjang. Setelah asosiasi telah dibuat, memori jangka pendek bebas untuk menyerap informasi baru. Bahan Shereshevskiitransferred dari jangka pendek ke jangka panjang memoryby menempatkan kata-kata bersama Gorky jalan di Moskow. Hobi Faloon ini waslong -Jarak berjalan, dan ia menemukan bahwa ia bisa istirahat downa diucapkan daftar delapan puluh digit ke unit tiga atau empat dan associatemost dari ini dengan waktu berjalan. Untuk Faloon, serangkaian seperti 4, 0, 1, 2 akan diterjemahkan sebagai empat menit, satu dan dua -tenths detik, atau "dekat sebuah empat menit mil"; 2, 1,4, 7 akan akan dikodekan sebagai dua jam empat belas ". waktu maraton yang sangat baik" menit tujuh detik, atau Saat menjalankan tidak memberikan thelink untuk nya jangka panjang memori, usia dan tanggal lakukan; 1, 9, 4, 4 adalah notrelevant untuk berjalan, tapi itu adalah "dekat akhir Perang Dunia II." Chase dan Ericsson melihat perbedaan individu dalam performanceas memori yang dihasilkan dari pengalaman sebelumnya dan pelatihan mental. "Insum," mereka menulis, "kinerja memori dewasa bisa