Inferior Frontal Gyrus Traditionall

Inferior Frontal Gyrus

Traditionally, IFG or the Broca’s area (see Figure 1 ) has been thought to be specialized
for syntactic processing and speech [see Price, 2000, for a review]. In neuroimaging studies,
the anterior portion of the left IFG (BA 47 and FO) has been implicated in semantic
processing [see Poldrack et al., 1999, for a review] and the posterior left IFG (BA 44/45) for
syntactical processing [Bookheimer, 2002; Dapretto & Bookheimer, 1999] as well as
phonological processing, such as phoneme mon itoring or rhyme judgments [Poldrack et al.,
1999; Roskies et al., 2001; Temple et al., 2003]. In addition, the bilateral IFG (BA 45/47)
activity was found when children processed semantics [Brauer & Friederici, 2007; Chou et
al., 2006] and syntax [Brauer & Friederici, 2007] in sentential level.
In terms of the involvement of the IFG area in the ToM development, several
neuroimaging studies in children found activity in the IFG while the child participants
engaged in facial imitation [Dapretto et al., 2006], story- and cartoon-based irony [Wang et
al., 2006a; 2006b] and ToM [Kobayashi et al., 2007a; Moriguchi et al., 2007] tasks. We found
a three-way interaction in the left IFG (BA 45) for children and adults [Kobayashi, Glover, &
Temple, 2007a]. Children employed this area more for the cartoon ToM condition, yet the
adults used this area more for the story ToM co ndition. Similarly, in Wang et al.’s (2006a)
study on irony processing, children recruited the left IFG (BA 44 and 45) more than adults.
Moriguchi et al. (2007) also found act ivity in the right IFG (BA 45) when
children/adolescents processed animation-based ToM task. These results may suggest that the
IFG is important for ToM processing especially during childhood because of its role as a
language center.
However, the fact that some of the developmental ToM brain imaging studies found the
IFG activity during the nonverbal tasks [Kobayashi, Glover, & Temple, 2007a; Moriguchi et
al., 2007] may indicate that IFG is important for ToM development because of its
involvement in inhibitory control. Increasing evidence suggests that bilateral IFG is
selectively involved in working memory-related response inhibition [Bunge et al., 2002;
Garavan et al., 1999; see also Aron, Robbins, & Poldrack, 2004, for a review]. The greater
activity in this area may represent a greater effort to inhibit the immediate and more salient
(but wrong) responses in the ToM/irony st ories/cartoons in children than in adults.
Another alternative interpretation is that the IFG plays an important role in processing
ToM during childhood because of the human mirror neurons that are localized in this area
[Agnew, Bhakoo, & Puri, 2007; Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007; Saxe, 2005]. In line with
Chiyoko Kobayashi 16this conjuncture, several adult brain imaging studies implicated this area in nonverbal
imitation [Buccino et al., 2004; Grèzes, Frith, & Passingham, 2004; Heiser et al., 2003] and
ToM [Brunet et al., 2000; German et al., 2004; Kobayashi et al., 2007a] . The IFG activity in
children during the nonverbal ToM [Kobayashi et al., 2007a; Moriguchi et al., 2007] and
related social cognitive tasks [Dapretto et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2006b] may support this
hypothesis given that nonverbal tasks do not usually involve language processing. However,
since adults especially seem to process nonve rbal ToM tasks verbally [Kobayashi et al.,
2007a; Newton & de Villiers, 2007] and since the mirror neuron system is closely associated
with language system in humans [Gallese, 2007; Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007; Siegal &
Varley, 2002], future studies need to examine precisely to how much extent the human mirror
neuron system is involved in ToM and language development.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Inferior frontal gyrus tradisional, IFG atau daerah Broca (lihat Gambar 1) telah dianggap khusus untuk pengolahan sintaksis dan pidato [lihat Harga 2000, untuk review]. Dalam studi neuroimaging, bagian anterior dari IFG kiri (BA 47 dan FO) telah terlibat dalam semantik pengolahan [lihat Poldrack et al., 1999, untuk review] dan posterior kiri IFG (BA 44/45) untuk pengolahan sintaksis [Bookheimer, 2002; Dapretto & Bookheimer, 1999] serta pengolahan fonologi, seperti fonem mon itoring atau sajak penilaian [Poldrack et al,. 1999; Roskies et al., 2001; Temple et al., 2003]. Selain itu, bilateral IFG (BA 45/47) aktivitas ditemukan ketika anak-anak diproses semantik [Brauer & Friederici, 2007; Chou et al., 2006] dan sintaks [Brauer & Friederici 2007] di tingkat sentential. Dalam hal keterlibatan daerah IFG dalam pengembangan ToM, beberapa studi neuroimaging pada anak-anak menemukan aktivitas di IFG sedangkan peserta anak terlibat dalam imitasi wajah [Dapretto et al, 2006.], cerita-dan kartun berbasis ironi [Wang et al, 2006a.; 2006b] dan ToM [Kobayashi et al, 2007a.; Moriguchi et al., 2007] tugas. Kami menemukan interaksi tiga arah di IFG kiri (BA 45) untuk anak-anak dan orang dewasa [Kobayashi, Glover, & Temple, 2007a]. Anak-anak yang dipekerjakan daerah ini lebih untuk kartun kondisi ToM, namun orang dewasa digunakan daerah ini lebih untuk cerita ToM co ndition. Demikian pula, di Wang et al. (2006a) studi pada pengolahan ironi, anak merekrut IFG kiri (BA 44 dan 45) lebih dari orang dewasa. Moriguchi et al. (2007) juga menemukan tindakan ivity di IFG kanan (BA 45) ketika anak / remaja diproses berdasarkan animasi-ToM tugas. Hasil ini mungkin menunjukkan bahwa IFG penting untuk pengolahan ToM terutama selama masa kanak-kanak karena perannya sebagai pusat bahasa. Namun, fakta bahwa beberapa studi pencitraan otak ToM perkembangan menemukan aktivitas IFG selama tugas nonverbal [Kobayashi, Glover, & Temple, 2007a; Moriguchi et al., 2007] mungkin menunjukkan bahwa IFG penting untuk perkembangan ToM karena yang terlibat dalam kontrol penghambatan. Semakin banyak bukti menunjukkan bahwa bilateral IFG yang selektif terlibat dalam bekerja yang berhubungan dengan memori respon penghambatan [Bunge et al, 2002;. Garavan et al., 1999; lihat juga Aron, Robbins, & Poldrack 2004, untuk review]. Semakin besar kegiatan di daerah ini mungkin merupakan upaya yang lebih besar untuk menghambat segera dan lebih menonjol tanggapan (tapi salah) di ToM / ironi st ories / kartun pada anak-anak dibandingkan pada orang dewasa. Interpretasi alternatif lain adalah bahwa IFG memainkan peran penting dalam pengolahan ToM selama masa kanak-kanak karena neuron cermin manusia yang terlokalisasi di daerah ini [Agnew, Bhakoo, & Puri, 2007; Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007; Saxe, 2005]. Sejalan dengan Chiyoko Kobayashi 16this ​​konjungtur, beberapa studi pencitraan otak orang dewasa terlibat daerah ini di nonverbal imitasi [Buccino et al., 2004; Grezes, Frith, & Passingham, 2004; . Heiser et al, 2003] dan ToM [Brunet et al., 2000; Jerman et al., 2004; Kobayashi et al., 2007a]. Kegiatan IFG di anak-anak selama nonverbal ToM [Kobayashi et al, 2007a.; . Moriguchi et al, 2007] dan terkait tugas-tugas kognitif sosial [Dapretto et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2006b] mungkin mendukung hipotesis mengingat bahwa tugas nonverbal biasanya tidak melibatkan pengolahan bahasa. Namun, karena orang dewasa terutama tampaknya memproses tugas rbal ToM nonve lisan [Kobayashi et al,. 2007a; Newton & de Villiers, 2007] dan karena sistem neuron cermin terkait erat dengan sistem bahasa pada manusia [Gallese, 2007; Oberman & Ramachandran, 2007; Siegal & Varley, 2002], studi masa depan perlu memeriksa dengan tepat seberapa banyak sejauh cermin manusia sistem neuron yang terlibat dalam ToM dan perkembangan bahasa.