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#6. ADDRESS MISUNDERSTANDINGS DIREC

#6. ADDRESS MISUNDERSTANDINGS DIRECTLY.
Learners have many misunderstandings about how
the world really works, and they hold onto misconceptions
until they have the opportunity to build alternative
explanations based on experience (Perkins
& Grotzer, 2008). For example, children believe the
world is fl at until they learn otherwise. To overcome
misconceptions, learners of any age must actively
construct new understandings.Textbooks rarely explicitly speak to misunder-
standings, leaving the challenge of addressing them
to the teacher (Schwartz & Fischer, 2006). Modeling
misunderstandings and explicitly addressing them
helps improve and deepen students’ understanding.
For example, teachers in a middle school modeled for
students the problems created when a plant or animal
goes extinct by connecting a group of students with
one string of yarn that each held in their hand and
then asking one of them to sit down to represent the
disappearance of a plant or animal from the ecosystem.
As students sat down others would feel the tug of
the yarn. This concrete, tactile experience provided
a forum through which teachers explicitly discussed
with students different types of causal relationships
and how these relationships played out in the model
(Grotzer & Basca, 2003).
#7. TREAT TEAMWORK LIKE AN OUTCOME. The ability
to collaborate with others is an important 21stcentury
skill and an important condition for optimal
learning. As David Perkins points out, people do not
learn to play baseball by themselves. “… [O]nly Superman
could do it, and it wouldn’t be much fun”
(2010, p. 191). They should learn to play baseball
from and with their peers and coach.
Teachers can design instruction in many ways so
students learn from and with others, developing their
ability to work in teams and building other 21stcentury
skills. Students can discuss concepts in pairs
or groups and share what they understand with the
rest of the class. They can develop arguments and
debate them. Together, students and the teacher can
use a studio format in which several students work
through a given issue, talking through their thinking
process while others comment. Because the studio
approach is so dominant in Asian countries — in contrast
to U.S. teachers and parents who lament large
class sizes — Asian teachers often express concern
about class sizes getting too small to fi nd enough
different solutions to a problem to have an effective
lesson (OECD, 2010).
#8. EXPLOIT TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT LEARNING.
Technology also offers the potential to develop stu-
dents’ 21st-century skills by providing them with
new ways to develop their problem solving, criticalthinking, and communication skills. Technology can
help students practice transferring those skills to different
contexts, refl ect on their thinking and that of
their peers, practice addressing their misunderstandings,
and collaborate with peers.
For example, the River City Multi-User Virtual
Environment is a technology tool that has the look
and feel of a video game. Based on U.S. ecology standards,
the game places students into a 19th-century
virtual environment where they behave as health scientists
to help explain why people are getting sick.
They collaboratively identify problems with their
online peers, form and test hypotheses, and draw
conclusions about underlying causes.
The Internet itself also provides a forum for developing
students’ 21st-century skills and knowledge.
The nature of the Internet’s countless sources,
many of which provide inconsistent information and
contribute substantive source bias, gives students
opportunities to practice fi ltering out information
from unreliable sources and synthesizing information
from legitimate ones (Dede, 2005).
There is broad consensus that technology holds
great promise for education. It has not yet lived up
to this promise, in part, because teachers have not
had the opportunity to learn to maximize its pedagogical
value.
#9. FOSTER CREATIVITY. Creativity is prized in the
economic, civic, and global spheres because it sparks
innovations that can create jobs, address challenges,
and motivate social and individual progress. Like
intelligence and learning capacity, creativity is not
a fi xed characteristic that people either have or do
not have. Rather, it is incremental, such that students
can learn to be more creative.
Creative development requires structure and intentionality
from teachers and students and can be
learned through the disciplines (Robinson, 2001). If
students fi nd lessons relevant to their lives, they are
more intrinsically motivated to learn and use their
newfound knowledge and understanding creatively
(Csikszentmihalyi, 2008; Sternberg, 2006). Encour-
agement helps students develop positive mental
models about their ability to develop their creativity. Identifying creativity can help students recognize
their own creative capacities
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#6. ADDRESS MISUNDERSTANDINGS DIRECTLY.Learners have many misunderstandings about howthe world really works, and they hold onto misconceptionsuntil they have the opportunity to build alternativeexplanations based on experience (Perkins& Grotzer, 2008). For example, children believe theworld is fl at until they learn otherwise. To overcomemisconceptions, learners of any age must activelyconstruct new understandings.Textbooks rarely explicitly speak to misunder-standings, leaving the challenge of addressing themto the teacher (Schwartz & Fischer, 2006). Modelingmisunderstandings and explicitly addressing themhelps improve and deepen students’ understanding.For example, teachers in a middle school modeled forstudents the problems created when a plant or animalgoes extinct by connecting a group of students withone string of yarn that each held in their hand andthen asking one of them to sit down to represent thedisappearance of a plant or animal from the ecosystem.As students sat down others would feel the tug ofthe yarn. This concrete, tactile experience provideda forum through which teachers explicitly discussedwith students different types of causal relationshipsand how these relationships played out in the model(Grotzer & Basca, 2003).#7. TREAT TEAMWORK LIKE AN OUTCOME. The abilityto collaborate with others is an important 21stcenturyskill and an important condition for optimallearning. As David Perkins points out, people do notlearn to play baseball by themselves. “… [O]nly Supermancould do it, and it wouldn’t be much fun”(2010, p. 191). They should learn to play baseballfrom and with their peers and coach.Teachers can design instruction in many ways sostudents learn from and with others, developing theirability to work in teams and building other 21stcenturyskills. Students can discuss concepts in pairsor groups and share what they understand with therest of the class. They can develop arguments anddebate them. Together, students and the teacher canuse a studio format in which several students workthrough a given issue, talking through their thinkingprocess while others comment. Because the studioapproach is so dominant in Asian countries — in contrastto U.S. teachers and parents who lament largeclass sizes — Asian teachers often express concernabout class sizes getting too small to fi nd enoughdifferent solutions to a problem to have an effectivelesson (OECD, 2010).#8. EXPLOIT TECHNOLOGY TO SUPPORT LEARNING.Technology also offers the potential to develop stu-dents’ 21st-century skills by providing them withnew ways to develop their problem solving, criticalthinking, and communication skills. Technology canhelp students practice transferring those skills to differentcontexts, refl ect on their thinking and that oftheir peers, practice addressing their misunderstandings,and collaborate with peers.For example, the River City Multi-User VirtualEnvironment is a technology tool that has the lookand feel of a video game. Based on U.S. ecology standards,the game places students into a 19th-centuryvirtual environment where they behave as health scientiststo help explain why people are getting sick.They collaboratively identify problems with theironline peers, form and test hypotheses, and drawconclusions about underlying causes.The Internet itself also provides a forum for developingstudents’ 21st-century skills and knowledge.The nature of the Internet’s countless sources,many of which provide inconsistent information andcontribute substantive source bias, gives studentsopportunities to practice fi ltering out informationfrom unreliable sources and synthesizing informationfrom legitimate ones (Dede, 2005).There is broad consensus that technology holdsgreat promise for education. It has not yet lived upto this promise, in part, because teachers have nothad the opportunity to learn to maximize its pedagogicalvalue.#9. FOSTER CREATIVITY. Creativity is prized in theeconomic, civic, and global spheres because it sparksinnovations that can create jobs, address challenges,and motivate social and individual progress. Likeintelligence and learning capacity, creativity is nota fi xed characteristic that people either have or donot have. Rather, it is incremental, such that studentscan learn to be more creative.Creative development requires structure and intentionalityfrom teachers and students and can belearned through the disciplines (Robinson, 2001). Ifstudents fi nd lessons relevant to their lives, they aremore intrinsically motivated to learn and use theirnewfound knowledge and understanding creatively(Csikszentmihalyi, 2008; Sternberg, 2006). Encour-agement helps students develop positive mentalmodels about their ability to develop their creativity. Identifying creativity can help students recognizetheir own creative capacities
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# 6. Salah faham ALAMAT TERUS.
Pelajar mempunyai banyak salah faham tentang bagaimana
dunia benar-benar berkesan, dan mereka memegang salah faham
sehingga mereka mempunyai peluang untuk membina alternatif
penjelasan berdasarkan pengalaman (Perkins
& Grotzer, 2008). Sebagai contoh, kanak-kanak percaya
dunia adalah fl pada sehingga mereka belajar sebaliknya. Untuk mengatasi
salah faham, pelajar, tanpa mengira usia aktif mesti
membina understandings.Textbooks baru jarang jelas bercakap dengan misunder-
kedudukan, meninggalkan cabaran untuk menangani mereka
kepada guru (Schwartz & Fischer, 2006). Model
salah faham dan jelas menangani mereka
membantu meningkatkan dan memperdalam pemahaman pelajar.
Sebagai contoh, guru-guru di sebuah sekolah menengah dimodelkan untuk
pelajar masalah yang dicipta apabila tumbuhan atau haiwan
pergi pupus dengan menyambungkan sekumpulan pelajar dengan
satu rentetan daripada benang yang sesaham yang dipegang dalam tangan dan mereka
kemudian meminta salah seorang daripada mereka untuk duduk untuk mewakili
kehilangan tumbuhan atau haiwan daripada ekosistem.
Sebagai pelajar duduk orang lain akan merasakan tarik
benang. Konkrit ini, pengalaman sentuhan disediakan
satu forum di mana guru-guru dengan jelas dibincangkan
dengan pelajar jenis hubungan sebab dan akibat
dan bagaimana hubungan ini dimainkan dalam model
(Grotzer & Basca, 2003).
# 7. KERJA BERPASUKAN TREAT LIKE HASIL AN. Keupayaan
untuk bekerjasama dengan orang lain adalah penting 21stcentury
kemahiran dan satu keadaan yang penting untuk optimum
pembelajaran. Daud Perkins menunjukkan, orang tidak
belajar untuk bermain besbol dengan sendirinya. "... [O] nly Superman
boleh melakukannya, dan ia tidak akan menjadi lebih seronok"
(2010, p. 191). Golongan ini perlu belajar untuk bermain besbol
dari dan dengan rakan-rakan dan jurulatih mereka.
Guru-guru boleh mereka bentuk pengajaran dalam pelbagai cara supaya
pelajar belajar daripada dan dengan orang lain, membangunkan mereka
keupayaan untuk bekerja dalam pasukan dan membina 21stcentury lain
kemahiran. Pelajar boleh membincangkan konsep secara berpasangan
atau kumpulan dan berkongsi apa yang mereka faham dengan
lain di dalam kelas. Mereka boleh membangunkan hujah-hujah dan
berdebat mereka. Bersama-sama, pelajar dan guru boleh
menggunakan format studio di mana beberapa pelajar bekerja
melalui isu tertentu, bercakap melalui pemikiran mereka
proses sementara yang lain komen. Kerana studio
pendekatan begitu dominan di negara-negara Asia - berbeza
kepada AS guru-guru dan ibu bapa yang merasa sedih besar
saiz kelas - guru Asia sering menyatakan kebimbangan
mengenai saiz kelas terlalu kecil untuk fi nd cukup
penyelesaian yang berbeza untuk masalah untuk mempunyai yang berkesan
pengajaran ( OECD, 2010).
# 8. Mengeksploitasi teknologi UNTUK MENYOKONG PEMBELAJARAN.
Teknologi juga menawarkan potensi untuk membangunkan stu-
kemahiran abad ke-21 penyok 'dengan menyediakan mereka dengan
cara-cara baru untuk membangunkan kemahiran penyelesaian masalah, criticalthinking, dan komunikasi mereka. Teknologi boleh
membantu pelajar amalan memindahkan kemahiran untuk berbeza
konteks, refl dll pada pemikiran mereka dan juga
rakan-rakan mereka, amalan menangani salah faham mereka,
dan bekerjasama dengan rakan-rakan.
Sebagai contoh, River City Multi-User Maya
Alam Sekitar adalah alat teknologi yang mempunyai rupa
dan rasa permainan video. Berdasarkan piawaian ekologi Amerika Syarikat,
permainan menempatkan pelajar ke dalam abad ke-19
persekitaran maya di mana mereka bertindak sebagai saintis kesihatan
untuk membantu menerangkan mengapa orang yang jatuh sakit.
Mereka secara kolaboratif mengenalpasti masalah dengan mereka
rakan-rakan dalam talian, bentuk dan ujian hipotesis, dan membuat
kesimpulan tentang mendasari punca.
Internet sendiri juga menyediakan forum untuk membangunkan
kemahiran abad ke-21 dan pengetahuan pelajar.
sifat sumber yang tidak terkira banyaknya di Internet,
ramai yang memberikan maklumat yang tidak konsisten dan
menyumbang sumber bias substantif, memberikan pelajar
peluang untuk mengamalkan fi ltering maklumat
daripada sumber-sumber yang tidak boleh dipercayai dan mensintesis maklumat
daripada yang sah (Dede, 2005).
Terdapat konsensus yang luas yang teknologi memegang
janji besar untuk pendidikan. Ia masih belum menepati
janji ini, sebahagian, kerana guru-guru tidak
mempunyai peluang untuk belajar untuk memaksimumkan pedagogi yang
nilai.
# 9. FOSTER KREATIVITI. Kreativiti adalah berharga dalam
bidang ekonomi, sivik, dan global kerana ia mencetuskan
inovasi yang boleh mewujudkan peluang pekerjaan, alamat cabaran,
dan mendorong kemajuan sosial dan individu. Seperti
kecerdasan dan keupayaan pembelajaran, kreativiti tidak
a fi yang tetap ciri yang orang sama ada mempunyai atau
tidak mempunyai. Sebaliknya, ia adalah tambahan, supaya pelajar
boleh belajar untuk menjadi lebih kreatif.
Pembangunan kreatif memerlukan struktur dan intentionality
daripada guru-guru dan pelajar dan boleh
dipelajari melalui disiplin (Robinson, 2001). Jika
pelajar fi pelajaran nd berkaitan dengan kehidupan mereka, mereka adalah
lebih intrinsik bermotivasi untuk belajar dan menggunakan mereka
pengetahuan baru dan pemahaman secara kreatif
(Csikszentmihalyi, 2008; Sternberg, 2006). Encour-
untuk menjawab soalan ini membantu pelajar membangunkan mental positif
model tentang keupayaan mereka untuk membangunkan kreativiti mereka. Mengenal pasti kreativiti boleh membantu pelajar mengenali
daya kreativiti mereka sendiri
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