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IV. EARLY/ MIDDLE MIOCENE BOUNDARY BASED ON THE INDEX FOSSILS OF FORAMINIFERA AND NANNOPLANKTONReferring to the foraminiferal zone, the Early/Middle Miocene boundary fits with zone N8/ N9 boundary which is marked by the first occurrence of planktonic foraminifera of Orbulina universa or the last occurrence of planktonic foraminifera of Globigerinoides bisphaericus (Blow, 1969 with modification by Baumann, 1974). In the studied area, the occurrence of Orbulina universa is irregular and even unobserved in some sections. This might relate to rare planktonic foraminiferal appearance within zone N9 which was caused by unfavorable environment resulting in the occurrence of low sea level (Figure 3). In this case, low sea level is represented by shallow marine setting as suggested by moderate occurrence of shallow water markers of benthonic foraminifera such as Ammonia umbonata, A. beccarii, Asterorotalia yabei and Pseudorotalia sp.
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