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The issues of consent and assent are contentious within the literature on children’s research.Some writers have argued that consent can be given by parents on behalf of children (with orwithout their assent) (see, e.g., Mahon, Glendinning, Clark, & Craig, 1996), whereas others arguethat children and young people should be approached directly because, ultimately, it is their rightto choose whether they participate.In this study we recognized that most parents play an important part in the lives of their childrenand invited those who were living with their children to support their children’s participation bygiving their consent. However, we also provided children the opportunity to choose whether theyparticipated and how they participated in this research. We informed them that their parents hadagreed for them to be interviewed but that because it was their stories and their ideas that wewould be exploring, they could decide whether they would talk with us.We also informed them that they had a number of choices that they could revisit through theinterview process: whether the interview be taped, whether they did art or storytelling activities,whether their artwork could be taken and used in the report, and whether there were things thatthey did not want to discuss or have discussed in the report. Each child completed two copies of aconsent form that asked them to tick a box if they understood their rights in the project and werehappy to participate. Some children did not tick all boxes (i.e., one chose not to give his art-workto the research team), which highlighted the fact that children did consider their options and tookadvantage of their choices. This was reiterated in children’s feedback regarding interviews:If people didn’t want to do something and you were mean and said that they had todo it, that would be mean, so it was good that you weren’t mean.[The researcher] asked me to draw my house and I didn’t want to (because it is hardto draw it because of the shape) so I didn’t do that—we just talked about it. That wasgood. I didn’t have to do anything I didn’t want [to].Addressing power imbalancesIn research with children, particularly those who are vulnerable, it is important to recognize thatthere can be a significant power imbalance between adults and children, an imbalance that can beexacerbated through the research process, where the researcher is considered the expert (Jones,2000; Save the Children, 2001; Thomas & O’Kane, 1998).Children in our reference group predicted this imbalance and felt that it was important for us toset up interviews in a way that minimized children’s feelings of powerlessness. They believedthat this was important because otherwise, children would feel uncomfortable and uncertain abouttheir role, and, ultimately, would not participate actively. These views mirror those of otherresearchers, who warn that if this power differential goes unresolved, children might respond withwhat they think researchers want to hear, particularly in one-to-one interviews (Davis, 1998;Morrow & Richards, 1996; Noble-Carr, 2007).As such, we would often meet in spaces where children felt some comfort and ownership. Wewould sit on the floor with the kids and join in on many of the activities. One child said that thiswas good because it meant that he did not think of us as though we were teachers, whereas othersenjoyed being able to spread out and be relaxed.
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