●● A foreign-exchange control is a restriction on theamount of a parti terjemahan - ●● A foreign-exchange control is a restriction on theamount of a parti Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

●● A foreign-exchange control is a

●● A foreign-exchange control is a restriction on the
amount of a particular foreign currency that can be
purchased or sold. By limiting the amount of foreign
currency importers can obtain, a government limits the
amount of goods importers can purchase with that currency.
This has the effect of limiting imports from the
country whose foreign exchange is being controlled.
●● A nation can increase or decrease the value of its money
relative to the currency of other nations. Currency
devaluation is the reduction of the value of a nation’s
currency relative to the currencies of other countries.
Devaluation increases the cost of foreign goods, whereas
it decreases the cost of domestic goods to foreign firms. For
example, suppose that the British pound is worth $2. In this
case, an American-made $2,000 computer can be purchased
for £1,000. However, if the United Kingdom devalues the
pound so that it is worth only $1, that same computer will cost
£2,000. The increased cost, in pounds, will reduce the import
of American computers—and all foreign goods—into England.
On the other hand, before devaluation, a £500 set of English
bone china will cost an American $1,000. After the devaluation,
the set of china will cost only $500. The decreased cost will
make the china—and all English goods—much more attractive
to U.S. purchasers. Bureaucratic red tape is more subtle than the
other forms of nontariff barriers. Yet it can be the most frustrating
trade barrier of all. A few examples are the unnecessarily
restrictive application of standards and complex requirements
related to product testing, labeling, and certification.
Cultural Barriers Another type of nontariff barrier is related
to cultural attitudes. Cultural barriers can impede acceptance of
products in foreign countries. For example, illustrations of feet
are regarded as despicable in Thailand. Even so simple a thing as
the color of a product or its package can present a problem. In
Japan, black and white are the colors of mourning, so they should
not be used in packaging. In Brazil, purple is the color of death.
And in Egypt, green is never used on a package because it is the
national color. When customers are unfamiliar with particular products from another
country, their general perceptions of the country itself affect their attitude toward the
product and help to determine whether they will buy it. Because Mexican cars have not
been viewed by the world as being quality products, Volkswagen, for example, may not
want to advertise that some of its models sold in the United States are made in Mexico.
Many retailers on the Internet have yet to come to grips with the task of designing an
online shopping site that is attractive and functional for all global customers.
Gifts to authorities—sometimes quite large ones—may be standard business procedure
in some countries. In others, including the United States, they are called bribes
or payoffs and are strictly illegal.
Reasons for Trade Restrictions
Various reasons are given for trade restrictions either on the import of specific products
or on trade with particular countries. We have noted that political considerations
usually are involved in trade embargoes. Other frequently cited reasons for restricting
trade include the following:
●● To equalize a nation’s balance of payments. This may be considered necessary to
restore confidence in the country’s monetary system and in its ability to repay its debts.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
●● A foreign-exchange control is a restriction on theamount of a particular foreign currency that can bepurchased or sold. By limiting the amount of foreigncurrency importers can obtain, a government limits theamount of goods importers can purchase with that currency.This has the effect of limiting imports from thecountry whose foreign exchange is being controlled.●● A nation can increase or decrease the value of its moneyrelative to the currency of other nations. Currencydevaluation is the reduction of the value of a nation’scurrency relative to the currencies of other countries.Devaluation increases the cost of foreign goods, whereasit decreases the cost of domestic goods to foreign firms. Forexample, suppose that the British pound is worth $2. In thiscase, an American-made $2,000 computer can be purchasedfor £1,000. However, if the United Kingdom devalues thepound so that it is worth only $1, that same computer will cost£2,000. The increased cost, in pounds, will reduce the importof American computers—and all foreign goods—into England.On the other hand, before devaluation, a £500 set of Englishbone china will cost an American $1,000. After the devaluation,the set of china will cost only $500. The decreased cost willmake the china—and all English goods—much more attractiveto U.S. purchasers. Bureaucratic red tape is more subtle than theother forms of nontariff barriers. Yet it can be the most frustratingtrade barrier of all. A few examples are the unnecessarily
restrictive application of standards and complex requirements
related to product testing, labeling, and certification.
Cultural Barriers Another type of nontariff barrier is related
to cultural attitudes. Cultural barriers can impede acceptance of
products in foreign countries. For example, illustrations of feet
are regarded as despicable in Thailand. Even so simple a thing as
the color of a product or its package can present a problem. In
Japan, black and white are the colors of mourning, so they should
not be used in packaging. In Brazil, purple is the color of death.
And in Egypt, green is never used on a package because it is the
national color. When customers are unfamiliar with particular products from another
country, their general perceptions of the country itself affect their attitude toward the
product and help to determine whether they will buy it. Because Mexican cars have not
been viewed by the world as being quality products, Volkswagen, for example, may not
want to advertise that some of its models sold in the United States are made in Mexico.
Many retailers on the Internet have yet to come to grips with the task of designing an
online shopping site that is attractive and functional for all global customers.
Gifts to authorities—sometimes quite large ones—may be standard business procedure
in some countries. In others, including the United States, they are called bribes
or payoffs and are strictly illegal.
Reasons for Trade Restrictions
Various reasons are given for trade restrictions either on the import of specific products
or on trade with particular countries. We have noted that political considerations
usually are involved in trade embargoes. Other frequently cited reasons for restricting
trade include the following:
●● To equalize a nation’s balance of payments. This may be considered necessary to
restore confidence in the country’s monetary system and in its ability to repay its debts.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
●● Sebuah kontrol devisa adalah pembatasan pada
jumlah mata uang asing tertentu yang dapat
dibeli atau dijual. Dengan membatasi jumlah asing
importir mata uang dapat memperoleh, pemerintah membatasi
jumlah barang importir dapat membeli dengan mata uang itu.
Ini memiliki efek membatasi impor dari
negara yang mata uang asing sedang dikendalikan.
●● Suatu bangsa dapat meningkat atau menurun nilai uang yang
relatif terhadap mata uang negara lain. Mata uang
devaluasi adalah penurunan nilai dari bangsa
mata uang relatif terhadap mata uang negara lain.
Devaluasi meningkatkan biaya barang asing, sedangkan
itu menurunkan biaya barang domestik untuk perusahaan asing. Untuk
contoh, anggaplah bahwa pound Inggris bernilai $ 2. Dalam hal ini
kasus, seorang Amerika buatan $ 2.000 komputer dapat dibeli
untuk £ 1.000. Namun, jika Inggris mengurangi nilai
pound sehingga bernilai hanya $ 1, bahwa komputer yang sama akan dikenakan biaya
£ 2.000. Peningkatan biaya, dalam pound, akan mengurangi impor
dari komputer-dan Amerika semua barang-ke luar negeri Inggris.
Di sisi lain, sebelum devaluasi, satu set £ 500 English
bone china akan biaya Amerika $ 1.000. Setelah devaluasi,
set cina akan dikenakan biaya hanya $ 500. Biaya menurun akan
membuat Inggris china-dan semua barang-jauh lebih menarik
untuk pembeli AS. Birokrasi lebih halus daripada
bentuk-bentuk lain dari hambatan nontarif. Namun bisa menjadi yang paling membuat frustrasi
hambatan perdagangan semua. Beberapa contoh adalah tidak perlu
aplikasi membatasi standar dan persyaratan yang kompleks
yang berkaitan dengan pengujian produk, label, dan sertifikasi.
Hambatan Budaya Tipe lain dari penghalang nontarif berkaitan
dengan sikap budaya. Hambatan budaya dapat menghambat penerimaan
produk di luar negeri. Sebagai contoh, ilustrasi dari kaki
dianggap sebagai tercela di Thailand. Bahkan hal begitu sederhana sebagai
warna produk atau kemasannya dapat menyajikan masalah. Di
Jepang, hitam dan putih adalah warna berkabung, sehingga mereka harus
tidak digunakan dalam kemasan. Di Brazil, ungu adalah warna kematian.
Dan di Mesir, hijau tidak pernah digunakan pada sebuah paket karena itu adalah
warna nasional. Ketika pelanggan tidak terbiasa dengan produk-produk tertentu dari yang lain
negara, persepsi umum mereka dari negara itu sendiri mempengaruhi sikap mereka terhadap
produk dan membantu untuk menentukan apakah mereka akan membelinya. Karena mobil Meksiko belum
pernah dilihat oleh dunia sebagai produk berkualitas, Volkswagen, misalnya, mungkin tidak
ingin mengiklankan bahwa beberapa model yang dijual di Amerika Serikat dibuat di Meksiko.
Banyak pengecer di Internet belum datang ke mengatasi dengan tugas merancang sebuah
situs belanja online yang menarik dan fungsional untuk semua pelanggan global.
Hadiah kepada otoritas-kadang orang-mungkin cukup besar menjadi prosedur standar bisnis
di beberapa negara. Di lain, termasuk Amerika Serikat, mereka disebut suap
atau hadiah dan secara ketat ilegal.
Alasan Pembatasan Perdagangan
Berbagai alasan diberikan untuk pembatasan perdagangan baik atas impor produk tertentu
atau pada perdagangan dengan negara-negara tertentu. Kami telah mencatat bahwa pertimbangan politik
biasanya terlibat dalam embargo perdagangan. Alasan sering dikutip lainnya untuk membatasi
perdagangan meliputi:
●● Untuk menyamakan keseimbangan bangsa pembayaran. Ini dapat dianggap perlu untuk
memulihkan kepercayaan dalam sistem moneter negara dan dalam kemampuannya untuk membayar hutangnya.
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