the66MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGIONeffects of witchcraft much more compl terjemahan - the66MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGIONeffects of witchcraft much more compl Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

the66MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGIONef

the
66
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
effects of witchcraft much more completely eradicated by counter-
witchcraft than is possible in any practical art or craft. Thus
both magic and science show certain similarities, and, with Sir
James Frazer, we can appropriately call magic a pseudo-science.
And the spurious character of this pseudo-science is not hard
to detect. Science, even as represented by the primitive knowledge
of savage man, is based on the normal universal experience
of everyday life, experience won in man's struggle with nature
for his subsistence and safety, founded on observation, fixed by
reason. Magic is based on specific experience of emotional states
in which man observes not nature but himself, in which the
truth is revealed not by reason but by the play of emotions upon
the human organism. Science is founded on the conviction that
experience, effort, and reason are valid; magic on the belief
that hope cannot fail nor desire deceive. The theories of knowledge
are dictated by logic, those of magic by the association of
ideas under the influence of desire. As a matter of empirical fact
the body of rational knowledge and the body of magical lore are
incorporated each in a different tradition, in a different social
setting and in a different type of activity, and all these differences
are clearly recognized by the savages. The one constitutes
the domain of the profane; the other, hedged round by observances,
mysteries, and taboos, makes up half of the domain of
the sacred.
6. Magic and Religion
Both magic and religion arise and function in situations of
emotional stress: crises of life, lacunae in important pursuits,
death and initiation into tribal mysteries, unhappy love and unsatisfied
hate. Both magic and religion open up escapes from
such situations and such impasses as offer no empirical way out
except by ritual and belief into the domain of the supernatural.
This domain embraces, in religion, beliefs in ghosts, spirits, the
primitive forebodings of providence, the guardians of tribal
mysteries; in magic, the primeval force and virtue of magic.
Both magic and religion are based strictly on mythological tradition,
and they also both exist in the atmosphere of the miracu-
67
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
lous, in a constant revelation of their wonder-working power.
They both are surrounded by taboos and observances which
mark off their acts from those of the profane world.
Now what distinguishes magic from religion? We have taken
for our starting-point a most definite and tangible distinction: we
have defined, within the domain of the sacred, magic as a practical
art consisting of acts which are only means to a definite end
expected to follow later on; religion as a body of self-contained
acts being themselves the fulfillment of their purpose. We can
now follow up this difference into its deeper layers. The practical
art of magic has its limited, circumscribed technique: spell,
rite, and the condition of the performer form always its trite
trinity. Religion, with its complex aspects and purposes, has no
such simple technique, and its unity can be seen neither in the
form of its acts nor even in the uniformity of its subject-matter,
but rather in the function which it fulfils and in the value of its
belief and ritual. Again, the belief in magic, corresponding to its
plain practical nature, is extremely simple. It is always the
affirmation of man's power to cause certain definite effects by
a definite spell and rite. In religion, on the other hand, we
have a whole supernatural world of faith: the pantheon of
spirits and demons, the benevolent powers of totem, guardian
spirit, tribal all-father, the vision of the future life, create a
second supernatural reality for primitive man. The mythology
of religion is also more varied and complex as well as more
creative. It usually centers round the various tenets of belief,
and it develops them into cosmogonies, tales of culture-heroes,
accounts of the doings of gods and demigods. In magic, important
as it is, mythology is an ever-recurrent boasting about
man's primeval achievements.
Magic, the specific art for specific ends, has in every one of
its forms come once into the possession of man, and it had to be
handed over in direct filiation from generation to generation.
Hence it remains from the earliest times in the hands of specialists,
and the first profession of mankind is that of a wizard or
witch. Religion, on the other hand, in primitive conditions is
an affair of all, in which everyone takes an active and equiva-
63
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
lent part. Every member of the tribe has to go through initiation,
and then himself initiates others. Everyone wails, mourns,
digs the grave and commemorates, and in due time everyone
has his turn in being mourned and commemorated. Spirits are
for all, and everyone becomes a spirit. The only specialization
in religion—that is, early spiritualistic mediumism—is not a
profession but a personal gift. One more difference between
magic and religion is the play of black and white in witchcraft,
while religion in its primitive stages has but little of the contrast
between good and evil, between the beneficent and malevolent
powers. This is due also to the practical character of magic,
which aims at direct quantitative results, while early religion,
though essentially moral, has to deal with fateful, irremediable
happenings and supernatural forces and beings, so that the
undoing of things done by man does not enter into it. The
maxim that fear first made gods in the universe is certainly not
true in the light of anthropology.
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the
66
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
effects of witchcraft much more completely eradicated by counter-
witchcraft than is possible in any practical art or craft. Thus
both magic and science show certain similarities, and, with Sir
James Frazer, we can appropriately call magic a pseudo-science.
And the spurious character of this pseudo-science is not hard
to detect. Science, even as represented by the primitive knowledge
of savage man, is based on the normal universal experience
of everyday life, experience won in man's struggle with nature
for his subsistence and safety, founded on observation, fixed by
reason. Magic is based on specific experience of emotional states
in which man observes not nature but himself, in which the
truth is revealed not by reason but by the play of emotions upon
the human organism. Science is founded on the conviction that
experience, effort, and reason are valid; magic on the belief
that hope cannot fail nor desire deceive. The theories of knowledge
are dictated by logic, those of magic by the association of
ideas under the influence of desire. As a matter of empirical fact
the body of rational knowledge and the body of magical lore are
incorporated each in a different tradition, in a different social
setting and in a different type of activity, and all these differences
are clearly recognized by the savages. The one constitutes
the domain of the profane; the other, hedged round by observances,
mysteries, and taboos, makes up half of the domain of
the sacred.
6. Magic and Religion
Both magic and religion arise and function in situations of
emotional stress: crises of life, lacunae in important pursuits,
death and initiation into tribal mysteries, unhappy love and unsatisfied
hate. Both magic and religion open up escapes from
such situations and such impasses as offer no empirical way out
except by ritual and belief into the domain of the supernatural.
This domain embraces, in religion, beliefs in ghosts, spirits, the
primitive forebodings of providence, the guardians of tribal
mysteries; in magic, the primeval force and virtue of magic.
Both magic and religion are based strictly on mythological tradition,
and they also both exist in the atmosphere of the miracu-
67
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
lous, in a constant revelation of their wonder-working power.
They both are surrounded by taboos and observances which
mark off their acts from those of the profane world.
Now what distinguishes magic from religion? We have taken
for our starting-point a most definite and tangible distinction: we
have defined, within the domain of the sacred, magic as a practical
art consisting of acts which are only means to a definite end
expected to follow later on; religion as a body of self-contained
acts being themselves the fulfillment of their purpose. We can
now follow up this difference into its deeper layers. The practical
art of magic has its limited, circumscribed technique: spell,
rite, and the condition of the performer form always its trite
trinity. Religion, with its complex aspects and purposes, has no
such simple technique, and its unity can be seen neither in the
form of its acts nor even in the uniformity of its subject-matter,
but rather in the function which it fulfils and in the value of its
belief and ritual. Again, the belief in magic, corresponding to its
plain practical nature, is extremely simple. It is always the
affirmation of man's power to cause certain definite effects by
a definite spell and rite. In religion, on the other hand, we
have a whole supernatural world of faith: the pantheon of
spirits and demons, the benevolent powers of totem, guardian
spirit, tribal all-father, the vision of the future life, create a
second supernatural reality for primitive man. The mythology
of religion is also more varied and complex as well as more
creative. It usually centers round the various tenets of belief,
and it develops them into cosmogonies, tales of culture-heroes,
accounts of the doings of gods and demigods. In magic, important
as it is, mythology is an ever-recurrent boasting about
man's primeval achievements.
Magic, the specific art for specific ends, has in every one of
its forms come once into the possession of man, and it had to be
handed over in direct filiation from generation to generation.
Hence it remains from the earliest times in the hands of specialists,
and the first profession of mankind is that of a wizard or
witch. Religion, on the other hand, in primitive conditions is
an affair of all, in which everyone takes an active and equiva-
63
MAGIC, SCIENCE, and RELIGION
lent part. Every member of the tribe has to go through initiation,
and then himself initiates others. Everyone wails, mourns,
digs the grave and commemorates, and in due time everyone
has his turn in being mourned and commemorated. Spirits are
for all, and everyone becomes a spirit. The only specialization
in religion—that is, early spiritualistic mediumism—is not a
profession but a personal gift. One more difference between
magic and religion is the play of black and white in witchcraft,
while religion in its primitive stages has but little of the contrast
between good and evil, between the beneficent and malevolent
powers. This is due also to the practical character of magic,
which aims at direct quantitative results, while early religion,
though essentially moral, has to deal with fateful, irremediable
happenings and supernatural forces and beings, so that the
undoing of things done by man does not enter into it. The
maxim that fear first made gods in the universe is certainly not
true in the light of anthropology.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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yang
66
MAGIC, ILMU, dan AGAMA
efek sihir yang jauh lebih lengkap diberantas oleh kontra
santet daripada yang mungkin dalam seni praktis atau kerajinan. Jadi
baik sihir dan ilmu menunjukkan kesamaan tertentu, dan, dengan Sir
James Frazer, kita tepat dapat memanggil sihir pseudo-science.
Dan karakter palsu ini pseudo-science tidak sulit
untuk dideteksi. Sains, bahkan yang diwakili oleh pengetahuan primitif
manusia biadab, didasarkan pada pengalaman yang universal yang normal
dari kehidupan sehari-hari, pengalaman menang dalam perjuangan manusia dengan alam
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hidup dan keselamatan, yang ditemukan dalam observasi, ditetapkan oleh
alasan. Magic berdasarkan pengalaman spesifik keadaan emosional
di mana manusia mengamati alam tetapi tidak sendiri, di mana
kebenaran terungkap bukan oleh alasan tetapi dengan permainan emosi pada
organisme manusia. Ilmu didasarkan pada keyakinan bahwa
pengalaman, usaha, dan alasan yang sah; sihir pada keyakinan
yang berharap tidak dapat gagal atau keinginan menipu. Teori-teori pengetahuan
yang ditentukan oleh logika, mereka sihir oleh asosiasi
ide di bawah pengaruh keinginan. Sebagai soal fakta empiris
tubuh pengetahuan rasional dan tubuh pengetahuan magis yang
tergabung masing-masing dalam tradisi yang berbeda, dalam sosial yang berbeda
pengaturan dan dalam berbagai jenis kegiatan, dan semua perbedaan ini
jelas diakui oleh orang liar. Yang satu merupakan
domain dari yang profan; yang lain, lindung nilai bulat oleh ibadah,
misteri, dan tabu, membuat setengah dari domain
yang suci.
6. Sihir dan Agama
Kedua sihir dan agama muncul dan fungsi dalam situasi
stres emosional: krisis kehidupan, kekosongan dalam kegiatan penting,
kematian dan inisiasi ke misteri suku, cinta tidak bahagia dan tidak puas
kebencian. Kedua sihir dan agama membuka lolos dari
situasi tersebut dan jalan buntu seperti tawaran ada cara empiris keluar
kecuali dengan ritual dan keyakinan ke dalam domain dari alam gaib.
Domain ini mencakup, dalam agama, kepercayaan pada hantu, roh, yang
firasat primitif pemeliharaan, penjaga suku
misteri; dalam sihir, kekuatan purba dan kebajikan sihir.
Kedua sihir dan agama yang hanya didasarkan pada tradisi mitologi,
dan mereka juga keduanya ada dalam suasana miracu-
67
MAGIC, ILMU, dan AGAMA
Lous, dalam wahyu konstan heran mereka -Bekerja kekuasaan.
Mereka berdua dikelilingi oleh tabu dan peringatan yang
menandai tindakan mereka dari orang-orang dari dunia profan.
Sekarang apa yang membedakan sihir dari agama? Kami telah mengambil
untuk titik tolak kita perbedaan yang paling pasti dan nyata: kita
telah ditetapkan, dalam domain suci, sihir sebagai praktis
seni yang terdiri dari tindakan-tindakan yang hanya berarti akhir yang pasti
diharapkan untuk mengikuti nanti; agama sebagai badan mandiri
tindakan menjadi diri sendiri pemenuhan tujuan mereka. Kita bisa
sekarang menindaklanjuti perbedaan ini ke dalam lapisan yang lebih dalam. Praktis
seni sihir memiliki terbatas, dibatasi tekniknya: mantra,
ritual, dan kondisi dari bentuk pemain selalu basi nya
trinitas. Agama, dengan aspek dan tujuan yang kompleks, tidak memiliki
teknik sederhana seperti itu, dan kesatuan dapat dilihat baik dalam
bentuk tindakan yang atau bahkan di keseragaman subyek nya,
melainkan dalam fungsi yang memenuhi dan di nilai yang
keyakinan dan ritual. Sekali lagi, kepercayaan sihir, sesuai dengan yang
sifat polos praktis, sangat sederhana. Hal ini selalu
penegasan kekuasaan manusia untuk menimbulkan efek tertentu tertentu dengan
mantra tertentu dan ritual. Dalam agama, di sisi lain, kita
memiliki dunia supranatural seluruh iman: panteon
roh dan setan, kekuatan hati totem, wali
roh, suku semua-ayah, visi kehidupan masa depan, membuat
realitas supernatural kedua untuk manusia primitif. Mitologi
agama juga lebih bervariasi dan kompleks serta lebih
kreatif. Biasanya berpusat putaran berbagai prinsip kepercayaan,
dan berkembang menjadi kosmogoni, cerita budaya-pahlawan,
rekening tingkah polah dewa dan iblis. Dalam sihir, yang penting
seperti itu, mitologi adalah membual selalu berulang tentang
prestasi purba manusia.
Sihir, seni khusus untuk tujuan tertentu, memiliki setiap salah satu
bentuknya datang sekali menjadi milik manusia, dan itu harus
diserahkan lebih dalam keturunan langsung dari generasi ke generasi.
Oleh karena itu tetap dari awal kali di tangan spesialis,
dan profesi pertama umat manusia adalah bahwa seorang penyihir atau
penyihir. Agama, di sisi lain, dalam kondisi primitif
urusan semua, di mana setiap orang mengambil aktif dan ekivalen
63
MAGIC, ILMU, dan AGAMA
dipinjamkan bagian. Setiap anggota suku harus melalui inisiasi,
dan kemudian dirinya sendiri memulai lain. Semua orang meraung, berduka,
menggali kubur dan memperingati, dan pada waktunya setiap orang
memiliki gilirannya dalam yang berkabung dan diperingati. Spirits adalah
untuk semua, dan semua orang menjadi roh. Satu-satunya spesialisasi
dalam agama-yaitu, awal spiritualistik mediumism-bukan
profesi tapi hadiah pribadi. Satu lagi perbedaan antara
sihir dan agama adalah permainan hitam dan putih dalam ilmu sihir,
sedangkan agama dalam tahap primitif memiliki namun sedikit kontras
antara yang baik dan yang jahat, antara dermawan dan jahat
kekuatan. Hal ini disebabkan juga untuk karakter praktis sihir,
yang bertujuan hasil kuantitatif langsung, sedangkan agama awal,
meskipun pada dasarnya moral, harus berurusan dengan menentukan, irremediable
kejadian dan kekuatan gaib dan makhluk, sehingga
kehancuran hal yang dilakukan oleh manusia tidak tidak masuk ke dalamnya. The
pepatah yang takut pertama kali dibuat dewa di alam semesta ini tentu tidak
benar dalam terang antropologi.
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