Baird, Friedman, Schady (2009) have

Baird, Friedman, Schady (2009) have widened the views of relationship between infant mortality
and health expenditures with high income due to female labor participation. They have analyzed that there is a large, negative association between per capita GDP and infant mortality—on average, a one percent decrease in per capita GDP is associated with an increase in mortality of between 0.24 and 0.40 infants per 1,000 children born. Female infant mortality is more sensitive than male infant mortality to economic fluctuations, especially during negative shocks to GDP. In poor countries, approximately 30 percent of all deaths occur to children under the age of five, compared to less than 1 percent in rich countries. Further an empirical evidence on the relationship between per capita public health expenditure, under-five mortality rates and crude death rates has provided by Azmat Gani. by using cross-country data from seven Pacific Island countries, which argued that hat per capita health expenditure is an important factor in determining health outcomes. The results suggest that a 10% increase in per capita health expenditure would lead to an approximate 6.6% reduction in infant mortality rate. Of the 11 million children dying annually worldwide and 90% from them are under five. The strong evidence suggest that other than per capita health expenditure, per capita incomes and immunization rates are two core factors that determine health outcomes and causes infant mortality significantly. Education is traditionally an important source of human capital acquisition among adult women. A case study conducted by M. Dave, Reichman and Corman (Nov, 2008) argues that welfare reform significantly decreased the probability of college enrollment among adult women, by at least 20 %.they first estimate effects of welfare reform on high school drop-out of teenage girls, by which it appears the probability of high school enrollment on the same order of magnitude have decreased. Education and training of adult mothers generally do not bother and count as much as it is required. In contrast, little contribution by mothers in labor force and increased enrollment ratio in school and universities are subject to a broader human capital approach. Leigh (Sep,2006) and Jencks in their studies provide results empirically that higher GDP is associated with lower mortality, and that this effect declines as GDP rises. They also find that more inequality is associated with higher mortality. Sackey (2005) has been elaborated Female labor force participation in effect of education, by conducting a case study in GHANA, and found that a rising trend in female labor force participation rates, there has been a parallel tendency towards a decline in fertility. We find
that female schooling matters in both urban and rural localities; both primary and postprimary
schooling levels exert significant positive impact on women’s labor market participation, and have an opposite effect on fertility. They conclude that even the gender gap in education has become narrower over the years, it is important for government policy to ensure the sustainability of the female educational gains obtained. Female human capital and productive employment are the key mechanism for enhancing favorable impacts on perceptions of ideal family size and fertility preferences. Female labor participation by wield a great impact on the quality of life of workers in general and women in particular as well as their families. It is common knowledge that gender differences tend to occur in the extent, forms and strategies for participation in the labor market.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Baird, Friedman, Schady (2009) telah melebar pandangan dari hubungan antara kematian bayiand health expenditures with high income due to female labor participation. They have analyzed that there is a large, negative association between per capita GDP and infant mortality—on average, a one percent decrease in per capita GDP is associated with an increase in mortality of between 0.24 and 0.40 infants per 1,000 children born. Female infant mortality is more sensitive than male infant mortality to economic fluctuations, especially during negative shocks to GDP. In poor countries, approximately 30 percent of all deaths occur to children under the age of five, compared to less than 1 percent in rich countries. Further an empirical evidence on the relationship between per capita public health expenditure, under-five mortality rates and crude death rates has provided by Azmat Gani. by using cross-country data from seven Pacific Island countries, which argued that hat per capita health expenditure is an important factor in determining health outcomes. The results suggest that a 10% increase in per capita health expenditure would lead to an approximate 6.6% reduction in infant mortality rate. Of the 11 million children dying annually worldwide and 90% from them are under five. The strong evidence suggest that other than per capita health expenditure, per capita incomes and immunization rates are two core factors that determine health outcomes and causes infant mortality significantly. Education is traditionally an important source of human capital acquisition among adult women. A case study conducted by M. Dave, Reichman and Corman (Nov, 2008) argues that welfare reform significantly decreased the probability of college enrollment among adult women, by at least 20 %.they first estimate effects of welfare reform on high school drop-out of teenage girls, by which it appears the probability of high school enrollment on the same order of magnitude have decreased. Education and training of adult mothers generally do not bother and count as much as it is required. In contrast, little contribution by mothers in labor force and increased enrollment ratio in school and universities are subject to a broader human capital approach. Leigh (Sep,2006) and Jencks in their studies provide results empirically that higher GDP is associated with lower mortality, and that this effect declines as GDP rises. They also find that more inequality is associated with higher mortality. Sackey (2005) has been elaborated Female labor force participation in effect of education, by conducting a case study in GHANA, and found that a rising trend in female labor force participation rates, there has been a parallel tendency towards a decline in fertility. We findthat female schooling matters in both urban and rural localities; both primary and postprimaryschooling levels exert significant positive impact on women’s labor market participation, and have an opposite effect on fertility. They conclude that even the gender gap in education has become narrower over the years, it is important for government policy to ensure the sustainability of the female educational gains obtained. Female human capital and productive employment are the key mechanism for enhancing favorable impacts on perceptions of ideal family size and fertility preferences. Female labor participation by wield a great impact on the quality of life of workers in general and women in particular as well as their families. It is common knowledge that gender differences tend to occur in the extent, forms and strategies for participation in the labor market.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Baird, Friedman, Schady (2009) telah memperluas pandangan hubungan antara kematian bayi
pengeluaran dan kesehatan dengan penghasilan tinggi karena partisipasi tenaga kerja perempuan. Mereka telah menganalisis bahwa ada besar, hubungan negatif antara PDB per kapita dan kematian bayi-rata-rata, penurunan satu persen PDB per kapita dikaitkan dengan peningkatan mortalitas antara 0,24 dan 0,40 bayi per 1.000 anak yang lahir. Kematian bayi perempuan lebih sensitif dibandingkan kematian bayi laki-laki fluktuasi ekonomi, terutama selama guncangan negatif terhadap PDB. Di negara-negara miskin, sekitar 30 persen dari semua kematian terjadi pada anak-anak di bawah usia lima tahun, dibandingkan dengan kurang dari 1 persen di negara-negara kaya. Selanjutnya bukti empiris tentang hubungan antara pengeluaran kesehatan masyarakat per kapita, tingkat kematian balita dan tingkat kematian kasar telah disediakan oleh Azmat Gani. dengan menggunakan data lintas negara dari tujuh negara Pulau Pasifik, yang berpendapat bahwa topi per pengeluaran kesehatan kapita merupakan faktor penting dalam menentukan hasil kesehatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan 10% dalam pengeluaran kesehatan per kapita akan mengakibatkan pengurangan 6,6% perkiraan angka kematian bayi. Dari 11 juta anak-anak meninggal setiap tahun di seluruh dunia dan 90% dari mereka berada di bawah lima. Bukti kuat menunjukkan bahwa selain pengeluaran per kapita kesehatan, pendapatan per kapita dan tingkat imunisasi adalah dua faktor utama yang menentukan hasil kesehatan dan menyebabkan kematian bayi secara signifikan. Pendidikan secara tradisional merupakan sumber penting dari akuisisi modal manusia di kalangan wanita dewasa. Sebuah studi kasus yang dilakukan oleh M. Dave, Reichman dan Corman (November 2008) berpendapat bahwa reformasi kesejahteraan secara signifikan menurunkan kemungkinan pendaftaran kuliah di kalangan wanita dewasa, setidaknya 20% .they efek perkiraan pertama dari reformasi kesejahteraan pada drop SMA dari gadis-gadis remaja, oleh yang muncul kemungkinan pendaftaran sekolah tinggi pada urutan yang sama besarnya telah menurun. Pendidikan dan pelatihan dari ibu dewasa umumnya tidak mengganggu dan menghitung sebanyak itu diperlukan. Sebaliknya, sedikit kontribusi oleh ibu di tenaga kerja dan meningkatkan angka partisipasi di sekolah dan universitas tunduk pendekatan modal manusia yang lebih luas. Leigh (September 2006) dan Jencks dalam studi mereka memberikan hasil empiris bahwa PDB yang lebih tinggi dikaitkan dengan kematian yang lebih rendah, dan bahwa efek ini menurun sebagai PDB naik. Mereka juga menemukan bahwa lebih ketimpangan terkait dengan kematian yang lebih tinggi. Sackey (2005) telah diuraikan partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan pada dasarnya pendidikan, dengan melakukan studi kasus di GHANA, dan menemukan bahwa tren kenaikan tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan, telah ada kecenderungan paralel menuju penurunan kesuburan. Kami menemukan
bahwa hal-hal sekolah perempuan di kedua daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan; primer dan postprimary
tingkat sekolah mengerahkan dampak positif yang signifikan pada partisipasi pasar tenaga kerja perempuan, dan memiliki efek berlawanan pada kesuburan. Mereka menyimpulkan bahwa bahkan kesenjangan gender dalam pendidikan telah menjadi sempit selama bertahun-tahun, penting bagi kebijakan pemerintah untuk menjamin keberlanjutan keuntungan pendidikan perempuan diperoleh. Modal manusia perempuan dan kerja produktif adalah mekanisme kunci untuk meningkatkan dampak menguntungkan pada persepsi yang ideal ukuran keluarga dan kesuburan preferensi. Partisipasi tenaga kerja perempuan dengan memegang dampak yang besar pada kualitas hidup pekerja pada umumnya dan perempuan khususnya serta keluarga mereka. Ini adalah pengetahuan umum bahwa perbedaan gender cenderung terjadi pada tingkat, bentuk dan strategi untuk partisipasi dalam pasar tenaga kerja.