3.1 Sample selection and Research M

3.1 Sample selection and Research Model
The sample for the present study was selected from the 2007 list of Malaysian listed companies as issued by Bursa Malaysia. In particular, 873 companies (from a population of 985 companies) were selected for inclusion in the study. One hundred and twelve (112) companies were excluded due to unavailability of data. To investigate the association between the audit report timeliness and independent variables, we estimated the following Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression: ART= f (auditor quality, auditor characteristics, auditee characteristics) The dependent variable, i.e., audit report timeliness (ART), is defined as the number of days from the end of the accounting year to the date of the audit report. In this study, ART is modelled as a function of auditor quality and characteristics (Specialist vs non-Specialist, Big-Four vs. non-Big-Four, audit report, and audit fee) and auditee characteristics (i.e., listing status, size, industry, year-end, auditor change, profitability, extra-ordinary reporting and leverage). The main proxy for specialist auditor is based on an auditor’s market share in the client’s industry and requires an industry specialist auditor to have a 30% or more audit fee industry market share (spec_30fee). Consistent with Palmrose (1996), the decision to use a minimum 30% cut-off for specialization was to ensure that only a ‘reasonable’ number of firms can be regarded as industry specialists with a distinctive industry market share. The variable was assigned the binary value ‘1’ if the company is audited by an industry specialist or ‘0’ otherwise. Alternatively, companies were also regarded as having specialist auditors if they were audited by the largest auditor (based on audit fee) with at least 10% larger market share compared to the second largest (spec_topfee) (Mayhew and Wilkins, 2002; Balsam et al., 2003).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

3.1 pilihan sampel dan penelitian ModelThe sample for the present study was selected from the 2007 list of Malaysian listed companies as issued by Bursa Malaysia. In particular, 873 companies (from a population of 985 companies) were selected for inclusion in the study. One hundred and twelve (112) companies were excluded due to unavailability of data. To investigate the association between the audit report timeliness and independent variables, we estimated the following Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression: ART= f (auditor quality, auditor characteristics, auditee characteristics) The dependent variable, i.e., audit report timeliness (ART), is defined as the number of days from the end of the accounting year to the date of the audit report. In this study, ART is modelled as a function of auditor quality and characteristics (Specialist vs non-Specialist, Big-Four vs. non-Big-Four, audit report, and audit fee) and auditee characteristics (i.e., listing status, size, industry, year-end, auditor change, profitability, extra-ordinary reporting and leverage). The main proxy for specialist auditor is based on an auditor’s market share in the client’s industry and requires an industry specialist auditor to have a 30% or more audit fee industry market share (spec_30fee). Consistent with Palmrose (1996), the decision to use a minimum 30% cut-off for specialization was to ensure that only a ‘reasonable’ number of firms can be regarded as industry specialists with a distinctive industry market share. The variable was assigned the binary value ‘1’ if the company is audited by an industry specialist or ‘0’ otherwise. Alternatively, companies were also regarded as having specialist auditors if they were audited by the largest auditor (based on audit fee) with at least 10% larger market share compared to the second largest (spec_topfee) (Mayhew and Wilkins, 2002; Balsam et al., 2003).

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Temukan 3.1 Sampel dan Penelitian Model
Sampel untuk penelitian ini dipilih dari daftar perusahaan yang terdaftar Malaysia 2007 yang dikeluarkan oleh Bursa Malaysia. Secara khusus, 873 perusahaan (dari populasi 985 perusahaan) yang dipilih untuk dimasukkan dalam penelitian ini. Seratus dua belas (112) perusahaan dikeluarkan karena tidak tersedianya data. Untuk menyelidiki hubungan antara ketepatan waktu laporan audit dan variabel independen, kami memperkirakan Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression berikut: ART = f (kualitas auditor, karakteristik auditor, karakteristik auditee) Variabel terikat, yaitu, laporan audit ketepatan waktu (ART) , didefinisikan sebagai jumlah hari dari akhir tahun akuntansi dengan tanggal laporan audit. Dalam penelitian ini, ART dimodelkan sebagai fungsi kualitas auditor dan karakteristik (Spesialis vs non-Spesialis, Big-Four vs non Big-Four-, laporan audit, dan audit fee) dan auditee karakteristik (yaitu, status listing, ukuran , industri, akhir tahun, perubahan auditor, profitabilitas, pelaporan ekstra-biasa dan leverage). Proxy utama untuk auditor spesialis didasarkan pada pangsa pasar auditor dalam industri klien dan membutuhkan auditor spesialis industri untuk memiliki 30% atau lebih pangsa pasar industri biaya audit (spec_30fee). Konsisten dengan Palmrose (1996), keputusan untuk menggunakan 30% cut-off minimum untuk spesialisasi adalah untuk memastikan bahwa hanya sejumlah 'wajar' dari perusahaan dapat dianggap sebagai spesialis industri dengan pangsa pasar industri khas. Variabel yang ditugaskan nilai biner '1' jika perusahaan diaudit oleh spesialis industri atau '0' sebaliknya. Atau, perusahaan juga dianggap memiliki auditor spesialis jika mereka diaudit oleh auditor terbesar (berdasarkan audit fee) dengan pangsa pasar minimal 10% lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang kedua terbesar (spec_topfee) (Mayhew dan Wilkins, 2002; Balsam et al ., 2003).