The conceptual distinctions between

The conceptual distinctions between temperament and personality traits have
been challenged by recent empirical work demonstrating similarities between the
two domains of individual differences (McCrae et al. 2000). Temperament traits by
definition appear earlier, and they tend to be more narrow, lower-level traits. However, like temperament traits, nearly all personality traits show moderate genetic
influence (Bouchard & Loehlin 2001), and individual differences in “personality
traits” have been identified in nonhuman animals (Gosling 2001). Like personality traits, temperament traits are not immune from experience. Behavioral genetic
studies have established that individual differences in temperament, measured even
during the first few years of life, are only partially heritable and are influenced by
environmental experiences (Emde & Hewitt 2001). Further, differences in the experience and expression of positive and negative emotions are at the heart of some
of the most important temperament and personality traits (Rothbart et al. 2000,
Watson 2000). Temperament and personality traits increasingly appear to be more
alike than different.

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Memiliki perbedaan konseptual temperamen dan kepribadiantelah ditantang oleh karya terbaru empiris menunjukkan kesamaan antaradua domain perbedaan individual (McCrae et al. 2000). Ciri-ciri temperamen olehdefinisi muncul lebih awal, dan mereka cenderung lebih ciri-ciri yang sempit, tingkat rendah. Namun, seperti ciri-ciri temperamen, hampir semua ciri kepribadian menunjukkan moderat genetikpengaruh (Bouchard & Loehlin 2001), dan perbedaan individu "kepribadianCiri-ciri"telah diidentifikasi pada hewan bukan manusia (Gosling 2001). Seperti ciri-ciri kepribadian, ciri-ciri temperamen tidak kebal dari pengalaman. Perilaku genetikpenelitian telah menetapkan bahwa perbedaan individu dalam temperamen, diukur bahkanselama beberapa tahun pertama kehidupan, hanya sebagian diwariskan dan dipengaruhi olehlingkungan pengalaman (Emde & Hewitt 2001). Selanjutnya, perbedaan dalam pengalaman dan ekspresi emosi positif dan negatif adalah di jantung beberapapaling penting temperamen dan ciri-ciri kepribadian (Rothbart et al. 2000,Watson 2000). Temperamen dan kepribadian semakin tampak lebihsama daripada berbeda.